Prova de 2014: Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto — questões com gabarito

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto de Oswaldo Porchat Pereira para responder às questão.

    A experiência do cotidiano nos brinda sempre com anomalias, incongruências, contradições. E, quando tentamos explicá-las, explicações à primeira vista razoáveis acabam por revelar-se insatisfatórias após exame mais acurado. A natureza das coisas e dos eventos não nos parece facilmente inteligível. As opiniões e os pontos de vista dos homens são dificilmente conciliáveis ou, mesmo, uns com os outros inconsistentes. Consensos porventura emergentes se mostram provisórios e precários. Quem sente a necessidade de pensar com um espírito mais crítico e tenta melhor compreender, essa diversidade toda o desnorteia.
   Talvez a maioria dos homens conviva bem com esse espetáculo da anomalia mundana. Uns poucos não o conseguem e essa experiência muito os perturba. Alguns destes se fazem filósofos e buscam na filosofia o fim dessa perturbação e a tranquilidade de espírito. Uma tranquilidade de espírito que esperam obter, por exemplo, graças à posse da verdade. A filosofia lhes promete explicar o mundo, dar conta da experiência cotidiana, dissipar as contradições, afastar as névoas da incompreensão. Revelando o ser, que o aparecer oculta; ou, se isso não for possível, desvendando os mistérios do conhecimento e deste delineando a natureza e os precisos limites; ou, pelo menos, esclarecendo a natureza e a função de nossa humana linguagem, na qual dizemos o mundo e formulamos os problemas da filosofia. A filosofia distingue e propõe-se ensinar-nos a distinguir entre verdade e falsidade, conhecimento e crença, ser e aparência, sujeito e objeto, representação e representado, além de muitas outras distinções.
    Mas a filosofia não nos dá o que nos prometera e buscáramos nela. Muito pelo contrário, o que ela nos descobre é uma extraordinária diversidade de posições e pontos de vista, totalmente incompatíveis uns com os outros e nunca conciliáveis. A discordância que divide o comum dos homens, nós a encontramos de novo nas filosofias, mas potencializada agora como ao infinito, de mil modos sofisticada num discurso arguto. Sobre coisa nenhuma se põem os filósofos de acordo, nem mesmo sobre o objeto, a natureza ou o método do próprio empreendimento de filosofar.

(Rumo ao ceticismo, 2006. Adaptado.)

Cálculo do PIB distribuído à população em 2013

A partir da leitura do mapa e de conhecimentos acerca da distribuição de riqueza no mundo, é correto afirmar que

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

Considere a tirinha de Laerte.

Na tirinha, pode-se observar uma sequência de imagens, de um homem sobre uma corda-bamba, e uma sequência de frases. A interação entre imagens e frases

Leia o texto de Oswaldo Porchat Pereira para responder às questão.

    A experiência do cotidiano nos brinda sempre com anomalias, incongruências, contradições. E, quando tentamos explicá-las, explicações à primeira vista razoáveis acabam por revelar-se insatisfatórias após exame mais acurado. A natureza das coisas e dos eventos não nos parece facilmente inteligível. As opiniões e os pontos de vista dos homens são dificilmente conciliáveis ou, mesmo, uns com os outros inconsistentes. Consensos porventura emergentes se mostram provisórios e precários. Quem sente a necessidade de pensar com um espírito mais crítico e tenta melhor compreender, essa diversidade toda o desnorteia.
   Talvez a maioria dos homens conviva bem com esse espetáculo da anomalia mundana. Uns poucos não o conseguem e essa experiência muito os perturba. Alguns destes se fazem filósofos e buscam na filosofia o fim dessa perturbação e a tranquilidade de espírito. Uma tranquilidade de espírito que esperam obter, por exemplo, graças à posse da verdade. A filosofia lhes promete explicar o mundo, dar conta da experiência cotidiana, dissipar as contradições, afastar as névoas da incompreensão. Revelando o ser, que o aparecer oculta; ou, se isso não for possível, desvendando os mistérios do conhecimento e deste delineando a natureza e os precisos limites; ou, pelo menos, esclarecendo a natureza e a função de nossa humana linguagem, na qual dizemos o mundo e formulamos os problemas da filosofia. A filosofia distingue e propõe-se ensinar-nos a distinguir entre verdade e falsidade, conhecimento e crença, ser e aparência, sujeito e objeto, representação e representado, além de muitas outras distinções.
    Mas a filosofia não nos dá o que nos prometera e buscáramos nela. Muito pelo contrário, o que ela nos descobre é uma extraordinária diversidade de posições e pontos de vista, totalmente incompatíveis uns com os outros e nunca conciliáveis. A discordância que divide o comum dos homens, nós a encontramos de novo nas filosofias, mas potencializada agora como ao infinito, de mil modos sofisticada num discurso arguto. Sobre coisa nenhuma se põem os filósofos de acordo, nem mesmo sobre o objeto, a natureza ou o método do próprio empreendimento de filosofar.

(Rumo ao ceticismo, 2006. Adaptado.)

“Sobre coisa nenhuma se põem os filósofos de acordo”

A expressão destacada na frase tem a mesma função sintática do termo destacado em:

Leia o texto de Oswaldo Porchat Pereira para responder às questão.

    A experiência do cotidiano nos brinda sempre com anomalias, incongruências, contradições. E, quando tentamos explicá-las, explicações à primeira vista razoáveis acabam por revelar-se insatisfatórias após exame mais acurado. A natureza das coisas e dos eventos não nos parece facilmente inteligível. As opiniões e os pontos de vista dos homens são dificilmente conciliáveis ou, mesmo, uns com os outros inconsistentes. Consensos porventura emergentes se mostram provisórios e precários. Quem sente a necessidade de pensar com um espírito mais crítico e tenta melhor compreender, essa diversidade toda o desnorteia.
   Talvez a maioria dos homens conviva bem com esse espetáculo da anomalia mundana. Uns poucos não o conseguem e essa experiência muito os perturba. Alguns destes se fazem filósofos e buscam na filosofia o fim dessa perturbação e a tranquilidade de espírito. Uma tranquilidade de espírito que esperam obter, por exemplo, graças à posse da verdade. A filosofia lhes promete explicar o mundo, dar conta da experiência cotidiana, dissipar as contradições, afastar as névoas da incompreensão. Revelando o ser, que o aparecer oculta; ou, se isso não for possível, desvendando os mistérios do conhecimento e deste delineando a natureza e os precisos limites; ou, pelo menos, esclarecendo a natureza e a função de nossa humana linguagem, na qual dizemos o mundo e formulamos os problemas da filosofia. A filosofia distingue e propõe-se ensinar-nos a distinguir entre verdade e falsidade, conhecimento e crença, ser e aparência, sujeito e objeto, representação e representado, além de muitas outras distinções.
    Mas a filosofia não nos dá o que nos prometera e buscáramos nela. Muito pelo contrário, o que ela nos descobre é uma extraordinária diversidade de posições e pontos de vista, totalmente incompatíveis uns com os outros e nunca conciliáveis. A discordância que divide o comum dos homens, nós a encontramos de novo nas filosofias, mas potencializada agora como ao infinito, de mil modos sofisticada num discurso arguto. Sobre coisa nenhuma se põem os filósofos de acordo, nem mesmo sobre o objeto, a natureza ou o método do próprio empreendimento de filosofar.

(Rumo ao ceticismo, 2006. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto de Machado de Assis para responder à questão

    Uma noite destas, vindo da cidade para o Engenho Novo, encontrei num trem da Central um rapaz aqui do bairro, que eu conheço de vista e de chapéu. Cumprimentou-me, sentou- -se ao pé de mim, falou da lua e dos ministros, e acabou recitando-me versos. A viagem era curta, e os versos pode ser que não fossem inteiramente maus. Sucedeu, porém, que, como eu estava cansado, fechei os olhos três ou quatro vezes; tanto bastou para que ele interrompesse a leitura e metesse os versos no bolso.

    – Continue, disse eu acordando.
    − Já acabei, murmurou ele.
    − São muito bonitos.

Vi-lhe fazer um gesto para tirá-los outra vez do bolso, mas não passou do gesto; estava amuado. No dia seguinte entrou a dizer de mim nomes feios, e acabou alcunhando- -me Dom Casmurro. Os vizinhos, que não gostam dos meus hábitos reclusos e calados, deram curso à alcunha, que afinal pegou. Nem por isso me zanguei.
    [...]
    Não consultes dicionários. Casmurro não está aqui no sentido que eles lhe dão, mas no que lhe pôs o vulgo de homem calado e metido consigo. Dom veio por ironia, para atribuir-me fumos de fidalgo. Tudo por estar cochilando! Também não achei melhor título para a minha narração; se não tiver outro daqui até o fim do livro, vai este mesmo. O meu poeta do trem ficará sabendo que não lhe guardo rancor. E com pequeno esforço, sendo o título seu, poderá cuidar que a obra é sua. Há livros que apenas terão isso dos seus autores; alguns nem tanto.

(Dom Casmurro, 2008.)