Prova de 2016: Faculdade Cásper Líbero — questões com gabarito

Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questao:

Os adolescentes e a filosofia

Vladimir Safatle

    Há poucos anos, o ensino de filosofia tornou-se matéria obrigatória para os alunos de ensino médio. Uma decisão acertada que leva em conta a necessidade de estudantes adolescentes desenvolverem habilidades críticas, além de compreenderem a complexidade da gênese de conceitos fundamentais para nossas formas de vida.

    De fato, a filosofia, tal como a conhecemos hoje, é o discurso que permite à chamada “experiência do pensamento ocidental” criticar seus próprios valores morais, estéticos, normas sociais e evidências cognitivas. A cláusula restritiva relativa ao “ocidente” justifica-se pelo fato de conhecermos muito pouco a respeito dos sistemas não ocidentais de pensamento. Temos, em larga medida, uma visão estereotipada de que eles ainda seriam fortemente vinculados ao pensamento mítico e, por isso, não teriam algo parecido à nossa razão desencantada, que baseia seus princípios na confrontação das argumentações a partir da procura do melhor argumento. É provável que em alguns anos tenhamos de rever tal análise.

    De toda forma, que adolescentes sejam apresentados à filosofia, eis algo que vale a pena conservar. A adolescência transformou-se entre nós em um momento de revisão profunda do sistema de valores e crenças, de abertura e de profunda insegurança. Em sociedades com tendências a criticar modelos de autoridade baseados no legado da tradição e na repetição de experiências passadas, sociedades que incitam os indivíduos a tomar em seus ombros a responsabilidade pela construção de seus estilos de vida, inclusive como estratégia para apagar os impasses propriamente sociais de nossos modelos de conduta e julgamento, a adolescência será necessariamente vivenciada de forma mais angustiante. Nesse sentido, o contato com a filosofia encontra um terreno fértil de questionamento.

    A avaliação dos livros e projetos pedagógicos normalmente direcionados a nossos alunos revela, no entanto, que deveríamos procurar outras estratégias de ensino. Nossos livros didáticos e paradidáticos são, na sua grande maioria, manuais de exposição da história da filosofia a partir de seus personagens principais. Os melhores se organizam a partir de temas específicos e do seu desdobramento nos últimos dois mil anos (o que, convenhamos, não é pouco tempo). Nos dois casos, alcança-se, no máximo, uma visão geral da história das ideias. Normalmente muito bem ilustrada.

    Melhor seria focar o ensino na leitura dirigida de textos maiores da tradição filosófica. Um adolescente tem todas as condições de ter uma primeira leitura produtiva de textos como O banquete ou A república, de Platão, Discurso sobre a origem da desigualdade, de Rousseau, Meditações, de Descartes, Além do bem e do mal, de Nietzsche, ou mesmo um texto como O que é o esclarecimento?, de Kant, entre tantos outros. São obras que abrem parte de suas questões diante de uma primeira leitura dirigida. Eles permitem ainda uma problematização sobre questões maiores como o amor, a política, a autoidentidade, a injustiça social e as aspirações da razão.

    Nesse sentido, ganharíamos mais se os cursos fossem direcionados, por um lado, ao aprendizado sistemático da leitura e da interpretação. Nossos alunos chegam à universidade sem uma real capacidade de compreensão e problematização de textos. Os cursos de Filosofia poderiam colaborar em muito para mudar tal realidade.

    Por outro lado, e sei que isso pode estranhar alguns, ganharíamos muito se uma parte dos cursos de Filosofia para os adolescentes fosse dedicada ao ensino da lógica. Nossos alunos chegam às universidades com dificuldades de escrita e raciocínio que poderiam ser minoradas se eles tivessem cursos de lógica. Sei que esta é uma das disciplinas de que nossos alunos de filosofia menos gostam, mas eles ganhariam muito, em todas as áreas, se tivessem uma formação mais sistemática no campo da lógica e da teoria do conhecimento.

    Neste momento em que a sociedade brasileira se dá conta da importância da luta pela qualidade do ensino, deveríamos parar de desqualificar a capacidade de raciocínio de nossos adolescentes. Eles merecem conhecer diretamente os textos e ideias que constituíram nossa experiência social. Esta seria uma estratégia melhor do que lhes apresentar manuais.

Fonte: http://www.cartacapital.com.br/revista/760/os-adolescentes-e-a-filosofia-9201.html

First read the review below and then answer question.

REVIEW: ‘MULTITUDINOUS HEART,’ NEWLY TRANSLATED POETRY BY CARLOS DRUMMOND DE ANDRADE

Books of The Times

By Dwight Garner JULY 2, 2015

    Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1902-1987) is widely considered the greatest poet in the history of Brazil, a country where poets are taken seriously. One of his poems, “Canção Amiga” (“Friendly Song”), was once printed on the 50 cruzados bill.

    Mr. Drummond’s bald, equine, bespectacled visage appears on T-shirts and book bags in Brazil. Since 2002 there has been a statue of him on the Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro, his adopted hometown. This statue faces away from, not toward, the ocean. This was a witty decision (he was an inward poet) that annoys the unintelligentsia, who want him spun around.

    Now we have “Multitudinous Heart,” an expanded, reshuffled and welcome selection of Mr. Drummond’s verse. In new translations by Richard Zenith, we meet a sophisticated and cerebral poet who, true to this book’s title, speaks in many registers. He is by turns melancholy and ironic, sentimental and self-deprecating, remote and boyish.

    His wealthy father owned ranches in the mountainous state of Minas Gerais, and the poet was the fifth of six children to reach adulthood. He was used to hubbub. Large family meals are recalled, and there is a constant sense of a raucous daily grind: “Weddings, mortgages,/the cousins with TB,/ the crazy aunt.”

    Yet the poems more often contain a measured sense of solitude. Mr. Drummond studied to become a pharmacist but worked most of his life as a civil servant in the Ministry of Education.

    He was said to be anything but gregarious; he was never a “smiling public man,” in Yeats’s locution. He was animated on the inside. One of his favorite words was “twisted.” He thought we humans were mostly impertinent and odd.

    He felt wizened before his time. In a 1945 poem, he speaks of “the old man in me./He began to harass me in childhood.” In a 1951 poem, “The Table,” he writes:

A bunch of louts in our fifties,

balding, used up, burned out,

yet in our chests we preserve

intact that boyish candor,

that scampering into the woods,

that craving for things forbidden.

    Mr. Drummond is worth encountering on the page. You probably need this volume and the earlier one, alas, to glimpse him in full. In a satirical 1945 poem titled “In Search of Poetry,” he offered this advice for the apprentice poet:

    Don’t dramatize, don’t invoke,

don’t inquire. Don’t waste time lying.

Don’t get cross.

Your ivory yacht, your diamond shoe,

your mazurkas and superstitions, your family skeletons

all vanish in the curve of time, they’re worthless.

    Ha. The good news about “Multitudinous Heart” is that it proves Mr. Drummond didn’t believe a word of that hooey.

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/03/books/review-multitudinous-heart-newly-translated- -poetry-by-carlos-drummond-de-andrade.html Access October 15, 2016. Adapted.

Read the following interview to answer question.

ISSIE LAPOWSKY SCIENCE 05.24.16 6:50 AM

10 YEARS AFTER AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH,

AL GORE MAY ACTUALLY BE WINNING

    AL GORE SNEEZES a hefty achoo. “Excuse me,” the former vice president says, dabbing a tissue at his nose before offering up an explanation. “Spring.”

    Outside Gore’s New York City office, spring has certainly sprung—early too. This March was the hottest one ever, beating the prior record set in March 2015. The same goes for February and January of this year, and, oh, the eight consecutive months before. Gore knows these statistics by heart. The fact that you might know them too is likely because of him. These kinds of numbers— and the scary story they tell about the future of Earth—have been Gore’s chief motivation since he failed to win the presidency in 2000. Gore emerged from that weird, disputed election armed with what is now possibly the most famous slide¬show in human history. He has traveled the world delivering that deck to hundreds of people at a time, showing in irrefutable detail just how mind-bogglingly badly we have treated our planet and what we might be able to do about it.

    Ten years ago, the slide¬show became An Inconvenient Truth, the documentary that spread those ideas to millions. Gore says he still tinkers with the slide¬show every day, because, well, the numbers keep changing. Not always for the better. Yet this year Gore and his fellow activists have a rare reason to celebrate. In April, 175 world leaders gathered at the United Nations to sign the Paris Agreement, a global pact that aims to keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. Now, a decade after his movie sounded the alarm about climate change and 16 years after he ran for president, it looks like Al Gore might finally be … winning?

    WIRED: Why did you want to make An Inconvenient Truth?

    GORE: I have to admit to you that initially I did not want to do a documentary.

    What? Why not?

   It’s a dumb reason. I didn’t think a slide¬show could translate into a movie. (…) Participant Media and Davis Guggenheim had to convince me it was a good idea, and I’m so glad they found ways to reveal to me the depths of my ignorance about moviemaking. It’s a message that has to be heard. Sorry to risk sounding grandiose, but the future of human civilization is at stake.

    The Paris Agreement must feel like a big point of progress.

    It really does. Sometimes in sports you can sense a palpable shift in the momentum of the contest. A team will be behind on the scoreboard, but the shift in momentum is so obvious and dramatic that you just have the feeling they’re going to win. That’s where we are in solving the climate crisis. We’re still behind on the scoreboard, but the momentum has shifted. We are winning.

    When renewable electricity becomes cheaper than electricity that comes from burning coal or gas, then that changes everything. The marketplace makes it the default option, and you get what you saw in the world in 2015—90 percent of the new electricity generated in the world last year was from renewables. That is an astonishing change. The Paris Agreement exceeded the upper range of my expectations. Does it go far enough? No, of course not. Can it be improved? Yes, it’s designed to be constantly improved, and that’s what I’m focused on now.

    You’ve been at this a long time. Was it lonely fighting for this stuff in government in the 1980s and 1990s?

    It was certainly a different time and a different environment. But I don’t ever remember feeling lonely, because I was always focused on reaching more and more people. Building a global grassroots movement is really the only way to solve this, because so many political systems have been captured by legacy industries. And that influence over policymaking has to be counterbalanced by a grassroots awareness.

    It’s sometimes tough for people to get climate change because they’re not seeing its effects every day—or at least they don’t realize they are. What have you seen that has stuck with you?

    In March, I went to Tacloban in the Philippines and talked with survivors there who endured the ravages of Super Typhoon Haiyan. When you see how their lives were utterly transformed and feel the painful losses they suffered, it certainly will stick with you. I conducted a training in Miami last fall during one of the highest high tides and saw fish from the ocean swimming in the streets in Miami Beach and Fort Lauderdale on a sunny day.

    You talk a lot about “winning” the fight against climate change. How do you define a win?

   Winning means avoiding catastrophic consequences that could utterly disrupt the future of human civilization. It means bending the curves downward so that the global warming pollution stops accumulating in the atmosphere and begins to reduce in volume. It means creating tens of millions of new jobs to retrofit buildings, to transform energy systems and install advanced batteries, to transform agriculture and forestry, and to make the solutions to the climate crisis the central organizing principle of our civilization.

Source: https://www.wired.com/2016/05/wired-al-gore-climate-change/ Access October 16, 2016. Adapted.

Read the following interview to answer question.

ISSIE LAPOWSKY SCIENCE 05.24.16 6:50 AM

10 YEARS AFTER AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH,

AL GORE MAY ACTUALLY BE WINNING

    AL GORE SNEEZES a hefty achoo. “Excuse me,” the former vice president says, dabbing a tissue at his nose before offering up an explanation. “Spring.”

    Outside Gore’s New York City office, spring has certainly sprung—early too. This March was the hottest one ever, beating the prior record set in March 2015. The same goes for February and January of this year, and, oh, the eight consecutive months before. Gore knows these statistics by heart. The fact that you might know them too is likely because of him. These kinds of numbers— and the scary story they tell about the future of Earth—have been Gore’s chief motivation since he failed to win the presidency in 2000. Gore emerged from that weird, disputed election armed with what is now possibly the most famous slide¬show in human history. He has traveled the world delivering that deck to hundreds of people at a time, showing in irrefutable detail just how mind-bogglingly badly we have treated our planet and what we might be able to do about it.

    Ten years ago, the slide¬show became An Inconvenient Truth, the documentary that spread those ideas to millions. Gore says he still tinkers with the slide¬show every day, because, well, the numbers keep changing. Not always for the better. Yet this year Gore and his fellow activists have a rare reason to celebrate. In April, 175 world leaders gathered at the United Nations to sign the Paris Agreement, a global pact that aims to keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. Now, a decade after his movie sounded the alarm about climate change and 16 years after he ran for president, it looks like Al Gore might finally be … winning?

    WIRED: Why did you want to make An Inconvenient Truth?

    GORE: I have to admit to you that initially I did not want to do a documentary.

    What? Why not?

   It’s a dumb reason. I didn’t think a slide¬show could translate into a movie. (…) Participant Media and Davis Guggenheim had to convince me it was a good idea, and I’m so glad they found ways to reveal to me the depths of my ignorance about moviemaking. It’s a message that has to be heard. Sorry to risk sounding grandiose, but the future of human civilization is at stake.

    The Paris Agreement must feel like a big point of progress.

    It really does. Sometimes in sports you can sense a palpable shift in the momentum of the contest. A team will be behind on the scoreboard, but the shift in momentum is so obvious and dramatic that you just have the feeling they’re going to win. That’s where we are in solving the climate crisis. We’re still behind on the scoreboard, but the momentum has shifted. We are winning.

    When renewable electricity becomes cheaper than electricity that comes from burning coal or gas, then that changes everything. The marketplace makes it the default option, and you get what you saw in the world in 2015—90 percent of the new electricity generated in the world last year was from renewables. That is an astonishing change. The Paris Agreement exceeded the upper range of my expectations. Does it go far enough? No, of course not. Can it be improved? Yes, it’s designed to be constantly improved, and that’s what I’m focused on now.

    You’ve been at this a long time. Was it lonely fighting for this stuff in government in the 1980s and 1990s?

    It was certainly a different time and a different environment. But I don’t ever remember feeling lonely, because I was always focused on reaching more and more people. Building a global grassroots movement is really the only way to solve this, because so many political systems have been captured by legacy industries. And that influence over policymaking has to be counterbalanced by a grassroots awareness.

    It’s sometimes tough for people to get climate change because they’re not seeing its effects every day—or at least they don’t realize they are. What have you seen that has stuck with you?

    In March, I went to Tacloban in the Philippines and talked with survivors there who endured the ravages of Super Typhoon Haiyan. When you see how their lives were utterly transformed and feel the painful losses they suffered, it certainly will stick with you. I conducted a training in Miami last fall during one of the highest high tides and saw fish from the ocean swimming in the streets in Miami Beach and Fort Lauderdale on a sunny day.

    You talk a lot about “winning” the fight against climate change. How do you define a win?

   Winning means avoiding catastrophic consequences that could utterly disrupt the future of human civilization. It means bending the curves downward so that the global warming pollution stops accumulating in the atmosphere and begins to reduce in volume. It means creating tens of millions of new jobs to retrofit buildings, to transform energy systems and install advanced batteries, to transform agriculture and forestry, and to make the solutions to the climate crisis the central organizing principle of our civilization.

Source: https://www.wired.com/2016/05/wired-al-gore-climate-change/ Access October 16, 2016. Adapted.

First read the review below and then answer question.

REVIEW: ‘MULTITUDINOUS HEART,’ NEWLY TRANSLATED POETRY BY CARLOS DRUMMOND DE ANDRADE

Books of The Times

By Dwight Garner JULY 2, 2015

    Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1902-1987) is widely considered the greatest poet in the history of Brazil, a country where poets are taken seriously. One of his poems, “Canção Amiga” (“Friendly Song”), was once printed on the 50 cruzados bill.

    Mr. Drummond’s bald, equine, bespectacled visage appears on T-shirts and book bags in Brazil. Since 2002 there has been a statue of him on the Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro, his adopted hometown. This statue faces away from, not toward, the ocean. This was a witty decision (he was an inward poet) that annoys the unintelligentsia, who want him spun around.

    Now we have “Multitudinous Heart,” an expanded, reshuffled and welcome selection of Mr. Drummond’s verse. In new translations by Richard Zenith, we meet a sophisticated and cerebral poet who, true to this book’s title, speaks in many registers. He is by turns melancholy and ironic, sentimental and self-deprecating, remote and boyish.

    His wealthy father owned ranches in the mountainous state of Minas Gerais, and the poet was the fifth of six children to reach adulthood. He was used to hubbub. Large family meals are recalled, and there is a constant sense of a raucous daily grind: “Weddings, mortgages,/the cousins with TB,/ the crazy aunt.”

    Yet the poems more often contain a measured sense of solitude. Mr. Drummond studied to become a pharmacist but worked most of his life as a civil servant in the Ministry of Education.

    He was said to be anything but gregarious; he was never a “smiling public man,” in Yeats’s locution. He was animated on the inside. One of his favorite words was “twisted.” He thought we humans were mostly impertinent and odd.

    He felt wizened before his time. In a 1945 poem, he speaks of “the old man in me./He began to harass me in childhood.” In a 1951 poem, “The Table,” he writes:

A bunch of louts in our fifties,

balding, used up, burned out,

yet in our chests we preserve

intact that boyish candor,

that scampering into the woods,

that craving for things forbidden.

    Mr. Drummond is worth encountering on the page. You probably need this volume and the earlier one, alas, to glimpse him in full. In a satirical 1945 poem titled “In Search of Poetry,” he offered this advice for the apprentice poet:

    Don’t dramatize, don’t invoke,

don’t inquire. Don’t waste time lying.

Don’t get cross.

Your ivory yacht, your diamond shoe,

your mazurkas and superstitions, your family skeletons

all vanish in the curve of time, they’re worthless.

    Ha. The good news about “Multitudinous Heart” is that it proves Mr. Drummond didn’t believe a word of that hooey.

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/03/books/review-multitudinous-heart-newly-translated- -poetry-by-carlos-drummond-de-andrade.html Access October 15, 2016. Adapted.