Questões do ENEM: Linguagens

Leia as seguintes afirmações sobre o romance a máquina de fazer espanhóis, de Valter Hugo Mãe.

I - Antônio Silva perde a esposa Laura e é internado no Lar da Feliz Idade.

II - A ditadura salazarista aparece na narrativa através de personagens com atuação política, como o jovem de 21 anos de quem Antônio Silva corta o cabelo.

III- O romance apresenta intertextualidade com o poema "Tabacaria", de Álvaro de Campos.

Quais estão corretas?

Leia as seguintes afirmações sobre o conto Fotografias, de Caio Fernando Abreu.

I - Gladys, segundo o narrador, é loira, trintona, gostosa, moderna e extrovertida; hábil datilógrafa e secretária muito eficiente.

II - Liége, segundo o narrador, é morena, magrinha, ponderada como uma britânica; também é datilógrafa e secretária muito competente.

III- Gladys e Liége, embora diferentes física e psicologicamente, esperam pelo homem dos sonhos, pelo grande amor.

Quais estão corretas?

No bloco superior abaixo, estão listados os nomes de personagens de A hora da estrela, de Clarice Lispector, e de Gota d’água, de Chico Buarque e Paulo Pontes; no inferior, trechos relacionados a essas personagens.

Associe adequadamente o bloco inferior ao superior.

1 - Macabéa

2 - Joana

( ) Ninguém vai sambar na minha caveira. Vocês tão de prova: eu não sou mulher pra macho chegar e usar como quer, depois dizer tchau.

( ) Pra não ser trapo nem lixo, nem sombra, objeto, nada, eu prefiro ser um bicho, ser esta besta danada. Me arrasto, berro, me xingo, me mordo, babo, me bato, me mato, mato e me vingo, me vingo, me mato e mato.

( ) Então defendia-se da morte por intermédio de um viver de menos, gastando pouco de sua vida para esta não se acabar.

( ) Ela nascera com maus antecedentes e agora parecia uma filha de um não-sei-o-quê com ar de se desculpar por ocupar espaço.

A sequência correta de preenchimento dos parênteses, de cima para baixo, é

Leia as seguintes afirmações sobre as peças Hamlet, de Shakespeare, e Gota d’água, de Chico Buarque e Paulo Pontes.

I - Hamlet e Joana caracterizam-se como heróis trágicos por sua retidão de caráter e pelo ímpeto de decisão.

II - Os heróis são vítimas da situação corrupta em ambas as peças.

III- A presença de narradores reforça o aspecto moderno das duas tragédias.

Quais estão corretas?

Sobre o álbum Elis & Tom, assinale com V (verdadeiro) ou F (falso) as seguintes afirmações.

( ) A função conativa da linguagem, em que o sujeito cancional dirige-se a um tu/você, está presente na maioria das canções do álbum.

( ) A maioria das canções do álbum são sonetos de Vinícius de Moraes musicados por Tom Jobim e interpretados por Elis Regina.

( ) Canções como Águas de março e Chovendo na roseira configuram quadros descritivos do mundo natural.

( ) Todas as canções do álbum tematizam separações amorosas, o que confere tom sombrio ao disco.

A sequência correta de preenchimento dos parênteses, de cima para baixo, é

Leia este trecho de Quarto de despejo, de Carolina Maria de Jesus.

18 de dezembro... Eu estava escrevendo. Ela perguntou-me:

– Dona Carolina, eu estou neste livro? Deixa eu ver!

– Não. Quem vai ler isto é o senhor Audálio Dantas, que vai publicá-lo.

– E porque é que eu estou nisto?

– Você está aqui por que naquele dia que o Armin brigou com você e começou a bater-te, você saiu correndo nua para a rua.

Ela não gostou e disse-me:

– O que é que a senhora ganha com isto?

... Resolvi entrar para dentro de casa. Olhei o céu com suas nuvens negras que estavam prestes a transformar-se em chuva.

Considere as seguintes afirmações sobre o trecho acima.

I - Está presente no fragmento uma tensão que perpassa o conjunto do livro: ao mesmo tempo em que se apropria da experiência de pobreza e violência da favela, Carolina quer diferenciar-se dela.

II - Audálio Dantas aparece como figura que representa oportunidade de publicação e autoridade letrada.

III- Aparece no fragmento uma alternância narrativa que marca Quarto de despejo: do dia a dia inclemente na favela para certa linguagem literária idealizada por Carolina.

Quais estão corretas?

Leia as seguintes afirmações sobre os sonetos “Fumo” e “Neurastenia”.

I - Em ambos os sonetos, a natureza é solidária aos sentimentos dos sujeitos líricos.

II - Em “Fumo”, o estado de alma do sujeito lírico é comparado à primavera.

III- Em “Neurastenia”, o sujeito lírico pede ajuda à natureza para dizer o que sente.

Quais estão corretas?

Considere as seguintes afirmações sobre o conto Teoria do medalhão, de Machado de Assis.

I - O pai, em diálogo com o filho, na noite em que este completa 21 anos, dá instruções de como tornar-se um medalhão. Essas instruções envolvem dedicação aos estudos, trabalho árduo e retidão.

II - O texto é construído em chave irônica, e a ironia é tematizada no conto.

III- O filho não aceita os conselhos do pai e contra-argumenta em defesa de uma vida de facilidades e privilégios.

Quais estão corretas?

Instrução: A questão refere-se à peça Hamlet e a seu autor William Shakespeare.

Leia as seguintes afirmações sobre William Shakespeare.

I - Shakespeare escreveu tragédias, comédias, romances e poemas.

II - Shakespeare foi o principal dramaturgo da Era Elisabetana, deixando um legado que ultrapassa a cultura inglesa.

III- Shakespeare criou personagens que se tornaram exemplos da psiquê humana, como Hamlet, Rei Lear e o casal Macbeth.

Quais estão corretas?

How a Canadian Chain Is Reinventing Book Selling

By Alexandra Alter

            About a decade ago, Heather Reisman, the chief executive of Canada’s largest bookstore chain, was having tea with the novelist Margaret Atwood when Ms. Atwood inadvertently gave her an idea for a new product. Ms. Atwood announced that she planned to go home, put on a pair of cozy socks and curl up with a book. Ms. Reisman thought about how appealing that sounded. Not long after, her company, Indigo, developed its own brand of plush “reading socks.” They quickly became one of Indigo’s signature gift items.

            “Last year, all my friends got reading socks,” said Arianna Huffington, the HuffPost cofounder and a friend of Ms. Reisman’s, who also gave the socks as gifts to employees at her organization Thrive. “Most people don’t have reading socks — not like Heather’s reading socks.”

            Over the last few years, Indigo has designed dozens of other products, including beach mats, scented candles, inspirational wall art, Mason jars, crystal pillars, bento lunchboxes, herb growing kits, copper cheese knife sets, stemless champagne flutes, throw pillows and scarves.

            It may seem strange for a bookstore chain to be developing and selling artisanal soup bowls and organic cotton baby onesies. But Indigo’s approach seems not only novel but crucial to its success and longevity. The superstore concept, with hulking retail spaces stocking 100,000 titles, has become increasingly hard to sustain in the era of online retail, when it’s impossible to match Amazon’s vast selection. 

            Indigo is experimenting with a new model, positioning itself as a “cultural department store” where customers who wander in to browse through books often end up lingering as they impulsively shop for cashmere slippers and crystal facial rollers, or a knife set to go with a new Paleo cookbook. Over the past few years, Ms. Reisman has reinvented Indigo as a Goop-like, curated lifestyle brand, with sections devoted to food, health and wellness, and home décor. 

         Ms. Reisman is now importing Indigo’s approach to the United States. Last year, Indigo opened its first American outpost, at a luxury mall in Millburn, N.J., and she eventually plans to open a cluster of Indigos in the Northeast. Indigo’s ascendance is all the more notable given the challenges that big bookstore chains have faced in the United States. Borders, which once had more than 650 locations, filed for bankruptcy in 2011. Barnes & Noble now operates 627 stores, down from 720 in 2010, and the company put itself up for sale last year. Lately, it has been opening smaller stores, including an 8,300-square-foot outlet in Fairfax County, Va.

            “Cross-merchandising is Retail 101, and it’s hard to do in a typical bookstore,” said Peter Hildick-Smith, president of the Codex Group, which analyzes the book industry. “Indigo found a way to create an extra aura around the bookbuying experience, by creating a physical extension of what you’re reading about.”

            The atmosphere is unabashedly intimate, cozy and feminine — an aesthetic choice that also makes commercial sense, given that women account for some 60 percent of book buyers. A section called “The Joy of the Table” stocks Indigobrand ceramics, glassware and acacia wood serving platters with the cookbooks. The home décor section has pillows and throws, woven baskets, vases and scented candles. There’s a subsection called “In Her Words,” which features idea-driven books and memoirs by women. An area labeled “A Room of Her Own” looks like a lush dressing room, with vegan leather purses, soft gray shawls, a velvet chair, scarves and journals alongside art, design and fashion books.

            Books still account for just over 50 percent of Indigo’s sales and remain the central draw; the New Jersey store stocks around 55,000 titles. But they also serve another purpose: providing a window into consumers’ interests, hobbies, desires and anxieties, which makes it easier to develop and sell related products. 

            Publishing executives, who have watched with growing alarm as Barnes & Noble has struggled, have responded enthusiastically to Ms. Reisman’s strategy. “Heather pioneered and perfected the art of integrating books and nonbook products,” Markus Dohle, the chief executive of Penguin Random House, said in an email. 

            Ms. Reisman has made herself and her own tastes and interests central to the brand. The front of the New Jersey store features a section labeled “Heather’s Picks,” with a display table covered with dozens of titles. A sign identifies her as the chain’s “founder, C.E.O., Chief Booklover and the Heather in Heather’s Picks.” She appears regularly at author signings and store events, and has interviewed prominent authors like Malcolm Gladwell, James Comey, Sally Field, Bill Clinton and Nora Ephron. 

            When Ms. Reisman opened the first Indigo store in Burlington, Ontario, in 1997, she had already run her own consulting firm and later served as president of a soft drink and beverage company, Cott. Still, bookselling is an idiosyncratic industry, and many questioned whether Indigo could compete with Canada’s biggest bookseller, Chapters. Skepticism dissolved a few years later when Indigo merged with Chapters, inheriting its fleet of national stores. The company now has more than 200 outlets across Canada, including 89 “superstores.” Indigo opened its first revamped concept store in 2016. 

            The new approach has proved lucrative: In its 2017 fiscal year, the company’s revenue exceeded $1 billion Canadian for the first time. In its 2018 fiscal year, Indigo reported a revenue increase of nearly $60 million Canadian over the previous year, making it the most profitable year in the chain’s history. 

            The company’s dominance in Canada doesn’t guarantee it will thrive in the United States, where it has to compete not only with Amazon and Barnes & Noble, but with a resurgent wave of independent booksellers. After years of decline, independent stores have rebounded, with some 2,470 locations, up from 1,651 a decade ago, according to the American Booksellers Association. And Amazon has expanded into the physical retail market, with around 20 bookstores across the United States.

            Ms. Reisman acknowledges that the company faces challenges as it expands southward. Still, she’s optimistic, and is already scouting locations for a second store near New York.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01

How a Canadian Chain Is Reinventing Book Selling

By Alexandra Alter

            About a decade ago, Heather Reisman, the chief executive of Canada’s largest bookstore chain, was having tea with the novelist Margaret Atwood when Ms. Atwood inadvertently gave her an idea for a new product. Ms. Atwood announced that she planned to go home, put on a pair of cozy socks and curl up with a book. Ms. Reisman thought about how appealing that sounded. Not long after, her company, Indigo, developed its own brand of plush “reading socks.” They quickly became one of Indigo’s signature gift items.

            “Last year, all my friends got reading socks,” said Arianna Huffington, the HuffPost cofounder and a friend of Ms. Reisman’s, who also gave the socks as gifts to employees at her organization Thrive. “Most people don’t have reading socks — not like Heather’s reading socks.”

            Over the last few years, Indigo has designed dozens of other products, including beach mats, scented candles, inspirational wall art, Mason jars, crystal pillars, bento lunchboxes, herb growing kits, copper cheese knife sets, stemless champagne flutes, throw pillows and scarves.

            It may seem strange for a bookstore chain to be developing and selling artisanal soup bowls and organic cotton baby onesies. But Indigo’s approach seems not only novel but crucial to its success and longevity. The superstore concept, with hulking retail spaces stocking 100,000 titles, has become increasingly hard to sustain in the era of online retail, when it’s impossible to match Amazon’s vast selection. 

            Indigo is experimenting with a new model, positioning itself as a “cultural department store” where customers who wander in to browse through books often end up lingering as they impulsively shop for cashmere slippers and crystal facial rollers, or a knife set to go with a new Paleo cookbook. Over the past few years, Ms. Reisman has reinvented Indigo as a Goop-like, curated lifestyle brand, with sections devoted to food, health and wellness, and home décor. 

         Ms. Reisman is now importing Indigo’s approach to the United States. Last year, Indigo opened its first American outpost, at a luxury mall in Millburn, N.J., and she eventually plans to open a cluster of Indigos in the Northeast. Indigo’s ascendance is all the more notable given the challenges that big bookstore chains have faced in the United States. Borders, which once had more than 650 locations, filed for bankruptcy in 2011. Barnes & Noble now operates 627 stores, down from 720 in 2010, and the company put itself up for sale last year. Lately, it has been opening smaller stores, including an 8,300-square-foot outlet in Fairfax County, Va.

            “Cross-merchandising is Retail 101, and it’s hard to do in a typical bookstore,” said Peter Hildick-Smith, president of the Codex Group, which analyzes the book industry. “Indigo found a way to create an extra aura around the bookbuying experience, by creating a physical extension of what you’re reading about.”

            The atmosphere is unabashedly intimate, cozy and feminine — an aesthetic choice that also makes commercial sense, given that women account for some 60 percent of book buyers. A section called “The Joy of the Table” stocks Indigobrand ceramics, glassware and acacia wood serving platters with the cookbooks. The home décor section has pillows and throws, woven baskets, vases and scented candles. There’s a subsection called “In Her Words,” which features idea-driven books and memoirs by women. An area labeled “A Room of Her Own” looks like a lush dressing room, with vegan leather purses, soft gray shawls, a velvet chair, scarves and journals alongside art, design and fashion books.

            Books still account for just over 50 percent of Indigo’s sales and remain the central draw; the New Jersey store stocks around 55,000 titles. But they also serve another purpose: providing a window into consumers’ interests, hobbies, desires and anxieties, which makes it easier to develop and sell related products. 

            Publishing executives, who have watched with growing alarm as Barnes & Noble has struggled, have responded enthusiastically to Ms. Reisman’s strategy. “Heather pioneered and perfected the art of integrating books and nonbook products,” Markus Dohle, the chief executive of Penguin Random House, said in an email. 

            Ms. Reisman has made herself and her own tastes and interests central to the brand. The front of the New Jersey store features a section labeled “Heather’s Picks,” with a display table covered with dozens of titles. A sign identifies her as the chain’s “founder, C.E.O., Chief Booklover and the Heather in Heather’s Picks.” She appears regularly at author signings and store events, and has interviewed prominent authors like Malcolm Gladwell, James Comey, Sally Field, Bill Clinton and Nora Ephron. 

            When Ms. Reisman opened the first Indigo store in Burlington, Ontario, in 1997, she had already run her own consulting firm and later served as president of a soft drink and beverage company, Cott. Still, bookselling is an idiosyncratic industry, and many questioned whether Indigo could compete with Canada’s biggest bookseller, Chapters. Skepticism dissolved a few years later when Indigo merged with Chapters, inheriting its fleet of national stores. The company now has more than 200 outlets across Canada, including 89 “superstores.” Indigo opened its first revamped concept store in 2016. 

            The new approach has proved lucrative: In its 2017 fiscal year, the company’s revenue exceeded $1 billion Canadian for the first time. In its 2018 fiscal year, Indigo reported a revenue increase of nearly $60 million Canadian over the previous year, making it the most profitable year in the chain’s history. 

            The company’s dominance in Canada doesn’t guarantee it will thrive in the United States, where it has to compete not only with Amazon and Barnes & Noble, but with a resurgent wave of independent booksellers. After years of decline, independent stores have rebounded, with some 2,470 locations, up from 1,651 a decade ago, according to the American Booksellers Association. And Amazon has expanded into the physical retail market, with around 20 bookstores across the United States.

            Ms. Reisman acknowledges that the company faces challenges as it expands southward. Still, she’s optimistic, and is already scouting locations for a second store near New York.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01

Quanto à utilização de letras maiúsculas no texto 2, atente para as seguintes assertivas:

I. A expressão “Vigilância em Saúde e Laboratórios de Referência da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz” (linhas 41-42) é utilizada com letras maiúsculas para realçar o nome da instituição em questão.

II. A palavra “Medicina” (linha 43) é grafada, no texto 2, com letra maiúscula, porque o autor considera esse termo como uma área do saber, diferenciando-a das demais áreas.

III. O termo “Estado” (linha 89) aparece, no texto 2, com letra maiúscula, porque significa uma entidade de direito público administrativo que congrega várias instâncias do poder público.

Está correto o que se afirma em

Had the Earth been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to provide this information (l. 30-31)

In relation to the rest of the statement, the underlined fragment has the objective of:

These and other flat-Earth assertions appear on the website of the FES, allegedly the world’s oldest official flat Earth organization, dating to the early 1800s. (l. 16-17)

In relation to the fragment above, the pieces of information introduced in the fifth paragraph (l. 18-20) serve the following purpose:

Big Tech made the social media mess. It has to fix it

Analysis by David Goldman, CNN Business

Social media has given people a platform to spew hate speech and radical beliefs to other people, amplifying what are otherwise fringe opinions. A few have turned that hate into violence.

Silicon Valley has built the biggest, most powerful companies in the world. Now, tech leaders have a responsibility to rein in the creations that have grown too unwieldy for them to control.

These are businesses, and their leaders will have to And out how to do that without destroying their companies. So far, balancing Big Tech's responsibilities to society and its duties to investors has proven difficult.

A difficult balance

Facebook (FB) announced in July it would invest billions of dollars a year to improve safety and security on the platform. The company said the effort would come at the expense of user growth and profitability. The company's stock lost about a third of its value because investors were concerned about Facebook's growth stalling.

Twitter has largely rid ISIS recruiters from the social network. Facebook and YouTube have labeled fake news stories as such. Yet, the work isn't close to done. Google has also made significant changes to YouTube's advertising policies after ads from 300 companies and organizations ran on channels promoting hate groups.

"YouTube has strict policies that prohibit content which incites others to violence or promotes hatred," a YouTube spokesperson said. "We quickly remove videos violating our policies when flagged by our users."

What seemed to cross no one's mind a decade ago was the potential downside to building a platform with billions of customers. So many posts can't possibly be monitored in real time. The networks gave the dregs of society the ability to reach like-minded people and poison the minds of others.

Without that foresight, Silicon Valley allowed their creations to break down. They're not beyond repair, but fixing them will be costly and difficult. Whether Big Tech is up to the task will determine the fates of their platforms.

Available: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/29/tech/social-media- -hate-speech/index.html. Access: 30 may 2019. Adapted. 

Glossary: spew: lançar; fringe: periféricas; to rein in: controlar; unwieldy: desordenado; duties: deveres; profitability, lucro; stock: ação (no mercado); stalling: interrupção; flagged: sinalizados; dregs of society: pessoas inescrupulosas; like-minded: pessoas que compartilham ideias semelhantes; poison: envenenar; foresight: visão; beyond repair: sem conserto; up to the task: à altura da tarefa.