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O poema abaixo é de autoria do poeta Augusto de Campos, integrante do movimento concretista.
Nesse poema, nota-se uma técnica de composição que
consiste
Em maio deste ano, uma festa do 3º ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola do Rio Grande do Sul propôs aos alunos que se preparavam para o vestibular uma atividade chamada “Se nada der certo”. O objetivo era “trabalhar o cenário de não aprovação no vestibular”, e como “lidar melhor com essa fase”. Os alunos compareceram à festa “fantasiados” de faxineiros, garis, domésticas, agricultores, entre outras profissões consideradas de pessoas “fracassadas”. O evento teve repercussão nacional e acirrou o debate sobre a meritocracia. Para Luis Felipe Miguel, professor de ciência política, “o tom de chacota da festa-recreio era óbvio”, e teria sido mais interessante “discutir como se constrói a hierarquia que define algumas ocupações como subalternas e outras como superiores; discutir como alguns podem desprezar os saberes incorporados nas práticas dessas profissões (subalternas apenas porque contam com quem as faça por eles); discutir como o que realmente ‘deu certo’ para eles foi a loteria do nascimento, que, na nossa sociedade, determina a parte do leão das trajetórias individuais”.
(Adaptado de Fernanda Valente, Dia do ’se nada der certo’ acende debate sobre meritocracia e privilégio. Carta Capital, 06/06/2017. Disponível em http://justificando.cartacapital.com.br/2017/06/06/dia-do-se-nada-der-certoacende-debate-sobre-meritocracia-e-privilegio/. Acessado em 08/06/2017.)
As alternativas a seguir reproduzem trechos de uma entrevista do professor Sidney Chalhoub (Unicamp e Harvard) sobre o mito da meritocracia.
(Manuel Alves Filho, A meritocracia é um mito que alimenta as desigualdades, diz Sidney Chalhoub. Jornal da Unicamp, 07/06/2017.)
Assinale aquela que dialoga diretamente com a notícia
acima.
A baixa procura por carne bovina e o aumento de oferta de animais para abate fizeram com que o preço da arroba do boi apresentasse queda para o consumidor. No ano de 2012, o preço da arroba do boi caiu de R$ 100,00 para R$ 93,00.
Disponível em: www.diariodemarilia.com.br. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2012.
Com o mesmo valor destinado à aquisição de carne, em termos de perda ou ganho, o consumidor
O heredograma mostra a incidência de uma anomalia genética em um grupo familiar.
O indivíduo representado pelo número 10, preocupado
em transmitir o alelo para a anomalia genética a seus
filhos, calcula que a probabilidade de ele ser portador
desse alelo é de
When does the brain work best?
The peak times and ages for learning
What’s your ideal time of the day for brain performance? Surprisingly, the answer to this isn’t as simple as being a morning or a night person. New research has shown that certain times of the day are best for completing specific tasks, and listening to your body’s natural clock may help you to accomplish more in 24 hours.
Science suggests that the best time for our natural peak productivity is late morning. Our body temperatures start to rise just before we wake up in the morning and continue to increase through midday, Steve Kay, a professor of molecular and computational biology at the University of Southern California told The Wall Street Journal. This gradual increase in body temperature means that our working memory, alertness, and concentration also gradually improve, peaking at about mid morning. Our alertness tends to dip after this point, but one study suggested that midday fatigue may actually boost our creative abilities. For a 2011 study, 428 students were asked to solve a series of two types of problems, requiring either analytical or novel thinking. Results showed that their performance on the second type was best at non-peak times of day when they were tired.
As for the age where our brains are at peak condition, science has long held that fluid intelligence, or the ability to think quickly and recall information, peaks at around age 20. However, a 2015 study revealed that peak brain age is far more complicated than previously believed and concluded that there are about 30 subsets of intelligence, all of which peak at different ages for different people. For example, the study found that raw speed in processing information appears to peak around age 18 or 19, then immediately starts to decline, but short-term memory continues to improve until around age 25, and then begins to drop around age 35, Medical Xpress reported. The ability to evaluate other people’s emotional states peaked much later, in the 40s or 50s. In addition, the study suggested that out our vocabulary may peak as late as our 60s’s or 70’s.
Still, while working according to your body’s natural clock may sound helpful, it’s important to remember that these times may differ from person to person. On average, people can be divided into two distinct groups: morning people tend to wake up and go to sleep earlier and to be most productive early in the day. Evening people tend to wake up later, start more slowly and peak in the evening. If being a morning or evening person has been working for you the majority of your life, it may be best to not fix what’s not broken.
(Dana Dovey. www.medicaldaily.com, 08.08.2016. Adaptado.)
De fato, este romance constitui um dos poucos romances cômicos do romantismo nacional, afastando-se dos traços idealizantes que caracterizam boa parte das obras “sérias” dos autores de então. O modo pelo qual este romance pinta a sociedade, representado-a a partir de um ângulo abertamente cômico e satírico, também era relativamente novo nas letras brasileiras do século XIX.
(Mamede Mustafa Jarouche. “Galhofa sem melancolia”, 2003. Adaptado.)
O comentário refere-se ao romance
T E X T
As growth slows in wealthy countries, Western food companies are aggressively expanding in developing nations, contributing to obesity and health problems.
FORTALEZA, Brazil — Children’s squeals rang through the muggy morning air as a woman pushed a gleaming white cart along pitted, trash-strewn streets. She was making deliveries to some of the poorest households in this seaside city, bringing pudding, cookies and other packaged foods to the customers on her sales route.
Celene da Silva, 29, is one of thousands of door-to-door vendors for Nestlé, helping the world’s largest packaged food conglomerate expand its reach into a quarter-million households in Brazil’s farthestflung corners.
As she dropped off variety packs of Chandelle pudding, Kit-Kats and Mucilon infant cereal, there was something striking about her customers: Many were visibly overweight, even small children.
She gestured to a home along her route and shook her head, recalling how its patriarch, a morbidly obese man, died the previous week. “He ate a piece of cake and died in his sleep,” she said.
Mrs. da Silva, who herself weighs more than 200 pounds, recently discovered that she had high blood pressure, a condition she acknowledges is probably tied to her weakness for fried chicken and the Coca-Cola she drinks with every meal, breakfast included.
Nestlé’s direct-sales army in Brazil is part of a broader transformation of the food system that is delivering Western-style processed food and sugary drinks to the most isolated pockets of Latin America, Africa and Asia. As their growth slows in the wealthiest countries, multinational food companies like Nestlé, PepsiCo and General Mills have been aggressively expanding their presence in developing nations, unleashing a marketing juggernaut that is upending traditional diets from Brazil to Ghana to India.
A New York Times examination of corporate records, epidemiological studies and government reports — as well as interviews with scores of nutritionists and health experts around the world — reveals a sea change in the way food is produced, distributed and advertised across much of the globe. The shift, many public health experts say, is contributing to a new epidemic of diabetes and heart disease, chronic illnesses that are fed by soaring rates of obesity in places that struggled with hunger and malnutrition just a generation ago.
The new reality is captured by a single, stark fact: Across the world, more people are now obese than underweight. At the same time, scientists say, the growing availability of high-calorie, nutrient-poor foods is generating a new type of malnutrition, one in which a growing number of people are both overweight and undernourished.
“The prevailing story is that this is the best of all possible worlds — cheap food, widely available. If you don’t think about it too hard, it makes sense,” said Anthony Winson, who studies the political economics of nutrition at the University of Guelph in Ontario. A closer look, however, reveals a much different story, he said. “To put it in stark terms: The diet is killing us.”
Even critics of processed food acknowledge that there are multiple factors in the rise of obesity, including genetics, urbanization, growing incomes and more sedentary lives. Nestlé executives say their products have helped alleviate hunger, provided crucial nutrients, and that the company has squeezed salt, fat and sugar from thousands of items to make them healthier. But Sean Westcott, head of food research and development at Nestlé, conceded obesity has been an unexpected side effect of making inexpensive processed food more widely available.
“We didn’t expect what the impact would be,” he said.
Part of the problem, he added, is a natural tendency for people to overeat as they can afford more food. Nestlé, he said, strives to educate consumers about proper portion size and to make and market foods that balance “pleasure and nutrition.”
There are now more than 700 million obese people worldwide, 108 million of them children, according to research published recently in The New England Journal of Medicine. The prevalence of obesity has doubled in 73 countries since 1980, contributing to four million premature deaths, the study found.
By ANDREW JACOBS and MATT RICHTEL
The New York Times SEPT. 16, 2017
https://www.nytimes.com
Um brinquedo infantil caminhão-cegonha é formado por uma carreta e dez carrinhos nela transportados, conforme a figura.
No setor de produção da empresa que fabrica esse brinquedo, é feita a pintura de todos os carrinhos para que o aspecto do brinquedo fique mais atraente. São utilizadas as cores amarelo, branco, laranja e verde, e cada carrinho é pintado apenas com uma cor. O caminhão-cegonha tem uma cor fixa. A empresa determinou que em todo caminhão-cegonha deve haver pelo menos um carrinho de cada uma das quatro cores disponíveis. Mudança de posição dos carrinhos no caminhão-cegonha não gera um novo modelo do brinquedo.
Com base nessas informações, quantos são os modelos
distintos do brinquedo caminhão-cegonha que essa
empresa poderá produzir?
Na Idade Média, para elaborar preparados a partir de plantas produtoras de óleos essenciais, as coletas das espécies eram realizadas ao raiar do dia. Naquela época, essa prática era fundamentada misticamente pelo efeito mágico dos raios lunares, que seria anulado pela emissão dos raios solares. Com a evolução da ciência, foi comprovado que a coleta de algumas espécies ao raiar do dia garante a obtenção de material com maiores quantidades de óleos essenciais.
A explicação científica que justifica essa prática se baseia na
Partículas microscópicas existentes na atmosfera funcionam como núcleos de condensação de vapor de água que, sob condições adequadas de temperatura e pressão, propiciam a formação das nuvens e consequentemente das chuvas. No ar atmosférico, tais partículas são formadas pela reação de ácidos (HX com a base NH3, de forma natural ou antropogênica, dando origem a sais de amônio (NH4X , de acordo com a equação química genérica:
HX (g) + NH3 (g) → NH4X (s)
FELIX, E. P.; CARDOSO, A. A. Fatores ambientais que afetam a precipitação úmida. Química Nova na Escola, n. 21, maio 2005 (adaptado).
A fixação de moléculas de vapor de água pelos núcleos
de condensação ocorre por
Britain bans gasoline and diesel cars starting in 2040
Britain will ban sales of new gasoline and diesel cars starting in 2040 as part of a bid to clean up the country’s air. The decision to phase out the internal combustion engine heralds a new era of low-emission technologies with major implications for the auto industry, society and the environment. “We can’t carry on with diesel and petrol cars”, U.K. environment secretary Michael Gove told the BBC on Wednesday. “There is no alternative to embracing new technology”. Almost 2.7 million new cars were registered in the U.K. in 2016, making it the second biggest market in Europe after Germany.
Meeting the 2040 deadline will be a heavy lift. British demand for electric and fuel cell cars, as well as plug-in hybrids, grew 40% in 2015, but they only accounted for less than 3% of the market. Still, experts say sales of clean cars are likely to continue on their dramatic upward trajectory.
The car industry says that demand for electric vehicles will only reach a tipping point once they're cheaper to own than conventional vehicles.
The deadline was announced by the government on Wednesday as part of a plan to reduce air pollution. The blueprint highlighted roughly £1.4 billion in government investment designed to help ensure that every vehicle on the road in Britain produces zero emissions by 2050.
Gove said action was needed because gasoline and diesel engines contribute to health problems, “accelerate climate change, do damage to the planet and the next generation”. Roughly 40,000 deaths in Britain each year are attributable to outdoor air pollution, according to a study published last year by the Royal College of Physicians. Dirty air has been linked to cancer, asthma, stroke and heart disease, among other health issues.
The problem is especially pronounced in big cities. London surpassed the European Union’s annual limit for nitrogen dioxide exposure just five days into the new year, according to King’s College. The university estimates that air pollution is responsible for 9,400 premature deaths in the city every year.
The timeline for ending sales of internal combustion engines mirrors one proposed in early July by France. President Emmanuel Macron has given the auto industry the same deadline to make the switch to cleaner tech.
“We are quite rightly in a position of global leadership when it comes to shaping new technology”, Gove said. But the auto industry, which supports over 800,000 jobs in the U.K., is wary of hard deadlines.
Other countries have been even more ambitious than the U.K. India is planning to stop selling gas-powered vehicles by 2030.
The German car industry and government officials will meet in early August to discuss the future of diesel engine technology. Manufacturers are trying to avoid diesel cars being banned from German towns and cities.
(Disponível:http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/26/news/uk-bans-gasoline-diesel-engines-2040/index.html>. Adaptado. Acesso: 26 de julho de 2017.)
Consider the following excerpt taken from the text:
British demand for electric and fuel cell cars, as well as plug-in hybrids, grew 40% in 2015, but they only accounted for
less than 3% of the market.
Choose the alternative that conveys the same meaning of the excerpt above.
Britain bans gasoline and diesel cars starting in 2040
Britain will ban sales of new gasoline and diesel cars starting in 2040 as part of a bid to clean up the country’s air. The decision to phase out the internal combustion engine heralds a new era of low-emission technologies with major implications for the auto industry, society and the environment. “We can’t carry on with diesel and petrol cars”, U.K. environment secretary Michael Gove told the BBC on Wednesday. “There is no alternative to embracing new technology”. Almost 2.7 million new cars were registered in the U.K. in 2016, making it the second biggest market in Europe after Germany.
Meeting the 2040 deadline will be a heavy lift. British demand for electric and fuel cell cars, as well as plug-in hybrids, grew 40% in 2015, but they only accounted for less than 3% of the market. Still, experts say sales of clean cars are likely to continue on their dramatic upward trajectory.
The car industry says that demand for electric vehicles will only reach a tipping point once they're cheaper to own than conventional vehicles.
The deadline was announced by the government on Wednesday as part of a plan to reduce air pollution. The blueprint highlighted roughly £1.4 billion in government investment designed to help ensure that every vehicle on the road in Britain produces zero emissions by 2050.
Gove said action was needed because gasoline and diesel engines contribute to health problems, “accelerate climate change, do damage to the planet and the next generation”. Roughly 40,000 deaths in Britain each year are attributable to outdoor air pollution, according to a study published last year by the Royal College of Physicians. Dirty air has been linked to cancer, asthma, stroke and heart disease, among other health issues.
The problem is especially pronounced in big cities. London surpassed the European Union’s annual limit for nitrogen dioxide exposure just five days into the new year, according to King’s College. The university estimates that air pollution is responsible for 9,400 premature deaths in the city every year.
The timeline for ending sales of internal combustion engines mirrors one proposed in early July by France. President Emmanuel Macron has given the auto industry the same deadline to make the switch to cleaner tech.
“We are quite rightly in a position of global leadership when it comes to shaping new technology”, Gove said. But the auto industry, which supports over 800,000 jobs in the U.K., is wary of hard deadlines.
Other countries have been even more ambitious than the U.K. India is planning to stop selling gas-powered vehicles by 2030.
The German car industry and government officials will meet in early August to discuss the future of diesel engine technology. Manufacturers are trying to avoid diesel cars being banned from German towns and cities.
(Disponível:http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/26/news/uk-bans-gasoline-diesel-engines-2040/index.html>. Adaptado. Acesso: 26 de julho de 2017.)
Consider the following numbers:
1. 2.7 million new clean energy cars were registered in the U.K. in 2016.
2. 40,000 of British deaths yearly are said to be caused by pollution related diseases.
3. Car industry in Britain is cautious about having specific dates for banning internal combustion energy cars because it supports over 800.000 jobs in the UK.
Mark the correct alternative.
A crise final da escravidão, no Brasil, deu lugar ao aparecimento de um modelo novo de resistência, a que podemos chamar quilombo abolicionista. No modelo tradicional de resistência à escravidão, o quilombo-rompimento, a tendência dominante era a política do esconderijo e do segredo de guerra. Por isso, esforçavam-se os quilombolas exatamente para proteger seu dia a dia, sua organização interna e suas lideranças de todo tipo de inimigo, curioso ou forasteiro, inclusive, depois, os historiadores.
Já no modelo novo de resistência, o quilombo abolicionista, as lideranças são muito bem conhecidas, cidadãos prestantes, com documentação civil em dia e, principalmente, muito bem articulados politicamente. Não mais os grandes guerreiros do modelo anterior, mas um tipo novo de liderança, uma espécie de instância de intermediação entre a comunidade de fugitivos e a sociedade envolvente. Sabemos hoje que a existência de um quilombo inteiramente isolado foi coisa rara. Mas, no caso dos quilombos abolicionistas, os contatos com a sociedade são tantos e tão essenciais que o quilombo encontra-se já internalizado, parte do jogo político da sociedade mais ampla.
(Quilombo abolicionista – cap. 1; p. 11. SILVA, Eduardo: As Camélias do Leblon e a abolição da escravatura: uma investigação de história cultural. SP: Cia das Letras, 2003.)
Texto B:
Glória Pires incapaz de opinar no Oscar, Eduardo Jorge, Tapa na pantera, Luisa Marilac, Japonês da federal, John Travolta confuso, diferentona, cala a boca Galvão, Nissim Ourfali, Winona Ryder em choque, e tantos outros memes e virais – que costumam ser tratados como mera zoeira, simplesmente uma das mil manias derivadas da internet – passaram a ser tratados como peças de museu, literalmente. Criado como um projeto do curso de Estudos de Mídia na Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), o Museu dos Memes leva justamente a zoeira a sério. […]
Ainda que sejam tratados como besteira, para o criador e coordenador do museu, Viktor Chagas, os memes possuem, para além de sua função cômica, uma função social – basta olhar para as diversas hashtags de denúncia em causas como dentro do movimento negro e feminista para entender que tal lógica possui mais desdobramentos, possibilidades e sentidos do que imaginamos em seu aspecto mais pueril.
(Disponível em:<http://www.hypeness.com.br/2017/05/o-museu-de-memes-e-brasileiro-e-e-a-melhor-forma-de-eternizar-a-zueira-que-abunda-na-internet/> . Acesso em 29/09/17)
Com base no texto B, identifique como verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F) as seguintes afirmativas:
( ) A função cômica, própria dos memes, é apresentada como atenuante da função social, que também é própria deles.
( ) O autor do texto antecipa-se a uma avaliação negativa acerca dos memes e apresenta contra-argumento em relação a ela.
( ) Os exemplos de memes como peças de museu, apresentados no início do texto, servem de sustentação à ideia de paradoxo entre zoeira e seriedade.
( ) O autor apresenta a denúncia em causas como a feminista e a do movimento negro para explicitar a lógica de funcionamento das hashtags.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a sequência correta, de cima para baixo.
Considere a sequência de mapas a seguir, que apresenta a expansão da mancha urbana na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e seu entorno em cinco momentos, tendo como base a divisão municipal atual.
O período no qual se identifica a formação de áreas conurbadas, que caracterizam a metropolização
fluminense, foi:
