Todas as questões do ENEM

A FIFA (Federação Internacional de Futebol) implementou, em 2018, a versão mais recente do ranking das seleções. Suponha que as seleções A e B, com pontuações PA e PB, respectivamente, disputarão uma final de Copa do Mundo. A pontuação atualizada da seleção A após a partida será dada por 

P'A = PA + 60(VA - EA),

onde

e o valor de VA depende do resultado da partida de acordo com a tabela: 

Sabendo que PA − PB = 360, se a seleção A vencer a partida, sua pontuação aumentará em  

Note e adote: 

Um professor precisa elaborar uma prova multidisciplinar que consta de duas questões de Matemática e seis de Física. Ele deve escolher questões de um banco de dados que contém três questões de Matemática e oito de Física. O número de provas distintas possíveis, sem levar em conta a ordem em que as questões aparecem, é: 

O slam ball é um exercício funcional no qual o praticante eleva uma bola especial acima da cabeça e, após uma breve pausa, a atira no chão, como mostra figura: 

Considere uma pessoa de 1,70 m que eleva uma bola de 6 kg a uma altura de 40 cm acima da sua cabeça. Em seguida, a pessoa realiza sobre a bola um trabalho adicional de 10 calorias para arremessá-la. Se a colisão da bola com o solo for perfeitamente inelástica, a energia total dissipada na colisão será de

Note e adote: Considere 1 cal = 4,2 J e g = 10 m/s² .  

Os lagartos do gênero Basiliscus têm a capacidade incomum de correr sobre a água. Essa espécie possui uma membrana entre os dedos que aumenta a área superficial de suas patas traseiras. Com uma combinação de forças verticais de suporte e forças horizontais propulsivas geradas pelo movimento de suas patas na água, o lagarto consegue obter impulso resultante para cima e para frente, conforme figura a seguir. Isso garante uma estabilidade dinâmica na superfície da água, em corridas que podem chegar a dezenas de metros, dependendo do peso e da idade do animal.  

Sobre esse movimento, é correto afirmar:  

No meme, a inadequação da resposta à questão está baseada no efeito de sentido proveniente da presença de 

A obra “Rosa e Azul”, também conhecida como “As Meninas Cahen d’Anvers”, é uma pintura a óleo de Pierre-Auguste Renoir. 

Numa aula de artes, solicitou-se aos alunos que fizessem uma releitura dessa obra utilizando uma “tinta” preparada com extrato de repolho roxo. Esse extrato fica rosa em valores de pH menores que 5 e azul em valores próximos a 8, conforme figura a seguir, que mostra a cor da solução em diferentes valores de pH. 

Com base no exposto, qual das alternativas apresenta compostos ou produtos que poderiam ser usados para preparar uma “tinta” rosa/vermelha e uma azul/verde empregando o extrato de repolho roxo? 

    The expression “dark doldrums” chills the hearts of renewable-energy engineers, who use it to refer to the lulls when solar panels and wind turbines are thwarted by clouds, night, or still air. On a bright, cloudless day, a solar farm can generate prodigious amounts of electricity. But at night solar cells do little, and in calm air turbines sit useless.

     The dark doldrums make it difficult for us to rely totally on renewable energy. Power companies need to plan not just for individual storms or windless nights but for difficulties that can stretch for days. Last year, Europe experienced a weekslong “wind drought,” and in 2006 Hawaii endured six weeks of consecutive rainy days. On a smaller scale, communities that want to go all-renewable need to fill the gaps. The obvious solution is batteries, which power everything from mobile phones to electric vehicles; they are relatively inexpensive to make and getting cheaper. But typical models exhaust their stored energy after only three or four hours of maximum output, and—as every smartphone owner knows—their capacity dwindles with each recharge. Moreover, it is expensive to collect enough batteries to cover longer discharges.

    We already have one kind of renewable energy storage: more than ninety per cent of the world’s energy-storage capacity is in reservoirs, as part of a technology called pumped-storage hydropower, used to smooth out sharp increases in electricity demand. Motors pump water uphill from a river or a reservoir to a higher reservoir; when the water is released downhill, it spins a turbine, generating power. A pumped-hydro installation is like a giant, permanent battery, charged when water is pumped uphill and depleted as it flows down. Some countries are expanding their use of pumped hydro, but the right geography is hard to find, permits are difficult to obtain, and construction is slow and expensive. The hunt is on for new approaches to energy storage.

The New Yorker. Abril, 2022. Adaptado. 

Segundo o texto, quando a geração de energia por células solares ou turbinas eólicas é insuficiente para atender à demanda, uma fonte de energia alternativa envolveria a conversão de 

    The expression “dark doldrums” chills the hearts of renewable-energy engineers, who use it to refer to the lulls when solar panels and wind turbines are thwarted by clouds, night, or still air. On a bright, cloudless day, a solar farm can generate prodigious amounts of electricity. But at night solar cells do little, and in calm air turbines sit useless.

     The dark doldrums make it difficult for us to rely totally on renewable energy. Power companies need to plan not just for individual storms or windless nights but for difficulties that can stretch for days. Last year, Europe experienced a weekslong “wind drought,” and in 2006 Hawaii endured six weeks of consecutive rainy days. On a smaller scale, communities that want to go all-renewable need to fill the gaps. The obvious solution is batteries, which power everything from mobile phones to electric vehicles; they are relatively inexpensive to make and getting cheaper. But typical models exhaust their stored energy after only three or four hours of maximum output, and—as every smartphone owner knows—their capacity dwindles with each recharge. Moreover, it is expensive to collect enough batteries to cover longer discharges.

    We already have one kind of renewable energy storage: more than ninety per cent of the world’s energy-storage capacity is in reservoirs, as part of a technology called pumped-storage hydropower, used to smooth out sharp increases in electricity demand. Motors pump water uphill from a river or a reservoir to a higher reservoir; when the water is released downhill, it spins a turbine, generating power. A pumped-hydro installation is like a giant, permanent battery, charged when water is pumped uphill and depleted as it flows down. Some countries are expanding their use of pumped hydro, but the right geography is hard to find, permits are difficult to obtain, and construction is slow and expensive. The hunt is on for new approaches to energy storage.

The New Yorker. Abril, 2022. Adaptado. 

Na frase “But typical models exhaust their stored energy after only three or four hours of maximum output, and—as every smartphone owner knows—their capacity dwindles with each recharge.” (2º parágrafo), “dwindles” poderia ser substituído, sem prejuízo de sentido, por 

Os gráficos mostram a variação da biomassa de duas populações (A e B) de uma planta herbácea ao longo da sucessão primária. Em ambos os casos, em um dado momento indicado no gráfico, ocorre a chegada de indivíduos de uma outra espécie que interagem com essa planta na comunidade. 

Os dois tipos de interagentes que poderiam causar os efeitos representados nos gráficos para as populações A e B, respectivamente, são 

“Em um mapa produzido com a técnica da anamorfose geográfica, cada país é redesenhado de forma que seu polígono tenha uma deformação proporcional a um tema de interesse. Com essa técnica, é possível visualizá-lo de uma forma mais direta e clara”. 

Disponível em https://educa.ibge.gov.br/. Adaptado.

Observe o mapa com dados de 2015: 

Os dados representados no mapa são condizentes com: 

“Nos países bálticos, na Ásia central, no Cáucaso, até mesmo na Rússia e nas duas outras nações eslavas (Ucrânia e BieloRússia [ou Belarus]), consideradas o núcleo básico de sustentação da União Soviética, [em 1990] os parlamentos nacionais proclamavam a própria soberania em relação ao poder central da União, ou seja, a primazia das leis nacionais sobre as leis soviéticas. Num contexto de predomínio de forças centrífugas, qual seria o destino do poder central?”.

REIS FILHO, Daniel Aarão. As Revoluções Russas e o Socialismo Soviético. São Paulo: Editoria Unesp, 2003. 

Fotografia do Comício da Central do Brasil, 13 de março de

1964 (sem autoria). 

“Quatro anos atrás, neste dia, a esta mesma hora, chegava ao Panteão, em Roma, o carro fúnebre que levava o cadáver de Vittorio Emanuele II, primeiro rei da Itália, morto depois de 29 anos de reinado, durante os quais a grande pátria italiana, antes despedaçada em sete estados e oprimida por estrangeiros e tiranos, tinha renascido como um só país, independente e livre (...)”. 

“Os vadios são o ódio de todas as nações civilizadas, e contra eles se tem muitas vezes legislado; porém as regras comuns relativas a este ponto não podem ser aplicáveis ao território de Minas; porque estes vadios, que em outra parte seriam prejudiciais, são ali úteis”.

“A Exposição Internacional do Centenário de 1922 no Rio de Janeiro constituiu uma versão brasileira grandiosa, embora anacrônica, das exposições do século XIX, destinadas a celebrar o ideal nacional. Para essa mostra o México enviou uma importante delegação, com farto material de exposição, tendo inclusive construído um pavilhão especial para abrigar seus produtos. José Vasconcelos (1881-1952), o filósofo e intelectual mexicano de maior destaque (...), chefiou a delegação mexicana. No final da exposição, o México deixou no Rio um Cuauhtémoc carioca olhando para a baía da Guanabara, e Vasconcelos partiu levando uma bagagem de mitos nacionais brasileiros (...)”.

    From French electronic and Japanese indie to K-pop and Spanish jazz, it’s common for people to listen to songs they don’t necessarily understand. Not knowing the language of the lyrics, it seems, doesn’t stop people from liking—and sometimes even singing along to—a song. Unless the listener is looking up the dictionary meaning of the lyrics, then the dictionary meaning of the lyrics doesn’t make or break their appreciation of a song. But why?

    “It’s a complicated answer,” said musicologist Lisa Decenteceo, adding that it all starts with what’s called “sound symbolism.” Sound symbolism refers to the study of the relationships between utterances and their meaning. This doesn’t have to do only with music. Marketers, for example, can tune into sound symbolism as part of their strategy in coming up with appealing brand names. In music as well as in branding, Decenteceo explained, there’s something about the appeal of words as sounds, beyond their meaning in a language. While things like culture and personal experiences affect people’s responses to different kinds of music, she explained there are certain musical techniques that are generally used to convey certain moods. One of which is scale. “Songs in a major scale usually have brighter, happier sounds, while minor scales usually have the slightly darker, melancholic feel,” explains Thea Tolentino, a music teacher.

    The human brain is wired to respond to sound, she added. In a process called entrainment, the brain “synchronizes our breathing, our movement, even neural activities with the sounds we hear.” This is why fast-paced music is so popular for running, for example, or why some yoga teachers play rhythmic and melodic tracks in their classes. And there are also the things that accompany the words. “Elements of sound and music like pitch, melody, harmony, timbre, and amplitude have an affective, emotional, psychological, cognitive, and even physical impact on listeners. Music adds so much meaning and dimension to texts through a complex of these avenues,” said Decenteceo. What all these things do, she added, is liberate the words. “Song frees the voice from any burden of saying anything meaningful”. It’s important, then, to understand music as a discourse between musical elements. But all in all, Decenteceo said there’s value in whatever immediate appeal people find in the music they listen to, whether or not they understand the words. Music, after all, is the universal language. 

Disponível em https://www.vice.com/. March, 2022. Adaptado.

Na frase “there are certain musical techniques that are generally used to convey certain moods” (2º parágrafo), a palavra “convey” poderia ser substituída, sem prejuízo de sentido, por 

    From French electronic and Japanese indie to K-pop and Spanish jazz, it’s common for people to listen to songs they don’t necessarily understand. Not knowing the language of the lyrics, it seems, doesn’t stop people from liking—and sometimes even singing along to—a song. Unless the listener is looking up the dictionary meaning of the lyrics, then the dictionary meaning of the lyrics doesn’t make or break their appreciation of a song. But why?

    “It’s a complicated answer,” said musicologist Lisa Decenteceo, adding that it all starts with what’s called “sound symbolism.” Sound symbolism refers to the study of the relationships between utterances and their meaning. This doesn’t have to do only with music. Marketers, for example, can tune into sound symbolism as part of their strategy in coming up with appealing brand names. In music as well as in branding, Decenteceo explained, there’s something about the appeal of words as sounds, beyond their meaning in a language. While things like culture and personal experiences affect people’s responses to different kinds of music, she explained there are certain musical techniques that are generally used to convey certain moods. One of which is scale. “Songs in a major scale usually have brighter, happier sounds, while minor scales usually have the slightly darker, melancholic feel,” explains Thea Tolentino, a music teacher.

    The human brain is wired to respond to sound, she added. In a process called entrainment, the brain “synchronizes our breathing, our movement, even neural activities with the sounds we hear.” This is why fast-paced music is so popular for running, for example, or why some yoga teachers play rhythmic and melodic tracks in their classes. And there are also the things that accompany the words. “Elements of sound and music like pitch, melody, harmony, timbre, and amplitude have an affective, emotional, psychological, cognitive, and even physical impact on listeners. Music adds so much meaning and dimension to texts through a complex of these avenues,” said Decenteceo. What all these things do, she added, is liberate the words. “Song frees the voice from any burden of saying anything meaningful”. It’s important, then, to understand music as a discourse between musical elements. But all in all, Decenteceo said there’s value in whatever immediate appeal people find in the music they listen to, whether or not they understand the words. Music, after all, is the universal language. 

Disponível em https://www.vice.com/. March, 2022. Adaptado.

O filósofo David Hume apresenta a seguinte relação entre sensações (ou, em suas palavras, sentimentos) e ideias:

“Em suma, todos os materiais do pensamento são derivados do nosso sentimento externo e interno. Apenas a mistura e composição destes materiais compete à mente e à vontade. Ou, para me expressar em linguagem filosófica, todas as nossas ideias ou percepções mais fracas são cópias das nossas impressões, ou percepções mais vívidas”.