Questões: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) — com gabarito

As long as it operated as a cheap factory, China’s growth was welcomed by the US, and its emergence as a new market for consumer goods was eagerly anticipated. However, in the mid-2010s the relationship between the rising nation and the incumbent superpower became more competitive. With the election in 2016 of Donald Trump on an “America First” platform, the gloves came off. Unhappy with the trade imbalance, the US president kicked off a trade war in 2018. The fallout for companies has been considerable.

(Lucy Colback. www.ft.com, 28.02.2020. Adaptado.)

O excerto descreve mudanças nas relações geopolíticas entre Estados Unidos e China nas últimas décadas. Essas mudanças resultaram em

Vou voltar

Sei que ainda vou voltar

Para o meu lugar

Foi lá e é ainda lá

Que eu hei de ouvir cantar

Uma sabiá

Cantar uma sabiá

Vou voltar

Sei que ainda vou voltar

Vou deitar à sombra

De uma palmeira

Que já não há

Colher a flor

Que já não dá

E algum amor

Talvez possa espantar

As noites que eu não queria

E anunciar o dia

Vou voltar

Sei que ainda vou voltar

Não vai ser em vão

Que fiz tantos planos

De me enganar

Como fiz enganos

De me encontrar

Como fiz estradas

De me perder

Fiz de tudo e nada

De te esquecer

(www.chicobuarque.com.br)

A canção “Sabiá”, de Chico Buarque e Tom Jobim, foi apresentada no III Festival Internacional da canção, em setembro de 1968, durante o regime militar brasileiro. Sua letra

Entre as tensões anteriores à Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) que contribuíram para o desgaste das relações diplomáticas e para o início do conflito armado, é possível citar:

A “política dos governadores” é considerada a última etapa da montagem do sistema oligárquico ou liberalismo oligárquico, que permitiu, de forma duradoura, o controle do poder central pela oligarquia cafeeira.

(Carlos Alberto Ungaretti Dias.

“Política dos governadores”. https://cpdoc.fgv.br.)

A afirmação do texto pode ser justificada pelo fato de que essa política

O processo de formação e consolidação dos Estados nacionais na América hispânica, nas duas primeiras décadas do século XIX, envolveu

O reconhecimento do território africano empreendido pelas campanhas de exploração e pelas missões religiosas foi facilitador de uma verdadeira invasão de mercadores europeus nas caravanas e rotas de comércio que ligavam diferentes pontos do continente. Muitos desses mercadores começaram a controlar algumas redes de comércio, criando novos sistemas de autoridade que não passavam mais por líderes africanos. De início, isso não representou nenhum tipo de perigo para as elites africanas, que já estavam acostumadas a negociar com árabes, indianos e com os próprios europeus. No entanto, no decorrer do século, os europeus se tornaram senhores das principais rotas comerciais do litoral africano, inclusive as que ligavam as cidades orientais com o continente asiático.

(Ynaê Lopes dos Santos.

História da África e do Brasil afrodescendente, 2017.)

Ao avaliar a presença europeia no continente africano ao longo do século XIX, o texto caracteriza

Artigo 1° – Todos os escravos, que entrarem no território ou portos do Brasil, vindos de fora, ficam livres [...].

Artigo 2° – Os importadores de escravos no Brasil incorrerão na pena corporal do artigo cento e setenta e nove do Código Criminal, imposta aos que reduzem à escravidão pessoas livres [...].

(Lei de 7 de novembro de 1831. https://camara.leg.br.)

A Lei de 7 de novembro de 1831, também conhecida como “Lei Feijó”,

O importante trabalho de fazer um alfinete é dividido em mais ou menos dezoito operações distintas. Vi uma pequena fábrica que só empregava dez operários e onde, em consequência, alguns deles eram encarregados de duas ou três operações. Mas, embora a fábrica fosse muito pobre e, por isso, mal aparelhada, quando em atividade, eles conseguiam fazer cerca de doze libras de alfinetes por dia: ora, cada libra contém mais de quatro mil alfinetes de tamanho médio. Assim, esses dez operários podiam fazer mais de quarenta e oito mil alfinetes por dia de trabalho; logo, se cada operário fez um décimo desse produto, podemos dizer que fez, num dia de trabalho, mais de quatro mil e oitocentos alfinetes. Mas, se todos tivessem trabalhado à parte e independentemente uns dos outros, e se eles não tivessem sido moldados a essa tarefa particular, cada um deles não teria feito, com certeza, vinte alfinetes.

(Adam Smith. A riqueza das nações (1776). Apud: André Gorz.

Crítica da divisão do trabalho, 1980. Adaptado.)

Considerando que uma libra equivale a aproximadamente 450 gramas, o texto indica que

A exploração do ouro, na região das Minas Gerais durante o século XVIII, implicou um conjunto de transformações no perfil geral da América portuguesa, tais como

O consumo dos alimentos nas propriedades de monocultura de cana-de-açúcar estava […] baseado no que se podia produzir nas brechas de um grande sistema subordinado ao mercado externo, resultando em uma grande quantidade de farinha de mandioca, feijões de diversos tipos, batata-doce, milho e cará comidos com pouco rigor, além de uma cultura do doce, cristalizada na mistura das frutas com açúcar refinado e simbolizada, popularmente, pela rapadura.

(Paula Pinto e Silva. “Sabores da colônia”. In: Luciano Figueiredo (org). História do Brasil para ocupados, 2013.)

O texto caracteriza formas de alimentação no Brasil colonial e revela

O uso contemporâneo do conceito de globalização envolve, além dos aspectos mencionados no texto,

A expansão romana pelo mar Mediterrâneo pode ser considerada um exemplo de “globalização em sociedades pré-modernas”, pois envolveu

*TV and/or radio

     Three-quarters of the world’s children live in countries where classrooms are closed. As lockdowns ease, schools should be among the first places to reopen. Children seem to be less likely than adults to catch covid-19. And the costs of closure are staggering: in the lost productivity of home schooling parents; and, far more important, in the damage done to children by lost learning. The costs fall most heavily on the youngest, who among other things miss out on picking up social and emotional skills; and on the less welloff, who are less likely to attend online lessons and who may be missing meals as well as classes. West African children whose schools were closed during the Ebola epidemic in 2014 are still paying the price.

(www.economist.com, 01.05.2020. Adaptado.)

No trecho “And the costs of closure are staggering”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a

*TV and/or radio

     Three-quarters of the world’s children live in countries where classrooms are closed. As lockdowns ease, schools should be among the first places to reopen. Children seem to be less likely than adults to catch covid-19. And the costs of closure are staggering: in the lost productivity of home schooling parents; and, far more important, in the damage done to children by lost learning. The costs fall most heavily on the youngest, who among other things miss out on picking up social and emotional skills; and on the less welloff, who are less likely to attend online lessons and who may be missing meals as well as classes. West African children whose schools were closed during the Ebola epidemic in 2014 are still paying the price.

(www.economist.com, 01.05.2020. Adaptado.)

No trecho “who are less likely to attend online lessons”, o termo sublinhado pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por

*TV and/or radio

     Three-quarters of the world’s children live in countries where classrooms are closed. As lockdowns ease, schools should be among the first places to reopen. Children seem to be less likely than adults to catch covid-19. And the costs of closure are staggering: in the lost productivity of home schooling parents; and, far more important, in the damage done to children by lost learning. The costs fall most heavily on the youngest, who among other things miss out on picking up social and emotional skills; and on the less welloff, who are less likely to attend online lessons and who may be missing meals as well as classes. West African children whose schools were closed during the Ebola epidemic in 2014 are still paying the price.

(www.economist.com, 01.05.2020. Adaptado.)

No trecho “As lockdowns ease, schools should be among the first places to reopen”, o termo sublinhado indica

*TV and/or radio

     Three-quarters of the world’s children live in countries where classrooms are closed. As lockdowns ease, schools should be among the first places to reopen. Children seem to be less likely than adults to catch covid-19. And the costs of closure are staggering: in the lost productivity of home schooling parents; and, far more important, in the damage done to children by lost learning. The costs fall most heavily on the youngest, who among other things miss out on picking up social and emotional skills; and on the less welloff, who are less likely to attend online lessons and who may be missing meals as well as classes. West African children whose schools were closed during the Ebola epidemic in 2014 are still paying the price.

(www.economist.com, 01.05.2020. Adaptado.)

O trecho “West African children whose schools were closed during the Ebola epidemic in 2014 are still paying the price” indica que, na região,

*TV and/or radio

     Three-quarters of the world’s children live in countries where classrooms are closed. As lockdowns ease, schools should be among the first places to reopen. Children seem to be less likely than adults to catch covid-19. And the costs of closure are staggering: in the lost productivity of home schooling parents; and, far more important, in the damage done to children by lost learning. The costs fall most heavily on the youngest, who among other things miss out on picking up social and emotional skills; and on the less welloff, who are less likely to attend online lessons and who may be missing meals as well as classes. West African children whose schools were closed during the Ebola epidemic in 2014 are still paying the price.

(www.economist.com, 01.05.2020. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o texto, o fechamento das escolas devido à pandemia de covid-19 prejudicou, principalmente,

*TV and/or radio

     Three-quarters of the world’s children live in countries where classrooms are closed. As lockdowns ease, schools should be among the first places to reopen. Children seem to be less likely than adults to catch covid-19. And the costs of closure are staggering: in the lost productivity of home schooling parents; and, far more important, in the damage done to children by lost learning. The costs fall most heavily on the youngest, who among other things miss out on picking up social and emotional skills; and on the less welloff, who are less likely to attend online lessons and who may be missing meals as well as classes. West African children whose schools were closed during the Ebola epidemic in 2014 are still paying the price.

(www.economist.com, 01.05.2020. Adaptado.)

The chart shows that the average share of population connected to internet

Education for Sustainable Development

Projects from Botswana, Brazil and Germany win UNESCO-Japan prize on Education for Sustainable Development.

    With a world population of 7 billion people and limited natural resources, we, as individuals and societies, need to learn to live together sustainably. We need to take action responsibly based on the understanding that what we do today can have implications on the lives of people and the planet in future. Education for Sustainable Development empowers people to change the way they think and work towards a sustainable future.

    UNESCO aims to improve access to quality education on sustainable development at all levels and in all social contexts, to transform society by reorienting education and help people develop knowledge, skills, values and behaviours needed for sustainable development. It is about including sustainable development issues, such as climate change and biodiversity into teaching and learning. Individuals are encouraged to be responsible actors who resolve challenges, respect cultural diversity and contribute to creating a more sustainable world.

(https://en.unesco.org. Adaptado.)

O cartum dialoga com o seguinte trecho do texto “Education for Sustainable Development”: