Questões: Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG) — com gabarito

UM CÃO, APENAS

Subidos, de ânimo leve e descansado passo, os quarenta degraus do jardim — plantas em flor, de cada lado; borboletas incertas; salpicos de luz no granito —, eis-me no patamar. E a meus pés, no áspero capacho de coco, à frescura da cal do pórtico, um cãozinho triste interrompe o seu sono, levanta a cabeça e fita-me. É um triste cãozinho doente, com todo o corpo ferido; gastas, as mechas brancas do pêlo; o olhar dorido e profundo, com esse lustro de lágrima que há nos olhos das pessoas muito idosas. Com um grande esforço acaba de levantar-se. Eu não lhe digo nada; não faço nenhum gesto. Envergonha-me haver interrompido o seu sono. Se ele estava feliz ali, eu não devia ter chegado. Já que lhe faltavam tantas coisas, que ao menos dormisse: também os animais devem esquecer, enquanto dormem... Ele, porém, levantava-se e olhava-me. Levantava-se com a dificuldade dos enfermos graves: acomodando as patas da frente, o resto do corpo, sempre com os olhos em mim, como à espera de uma palavra ou de um gesto. Mas eu não o queria vexar nem oprimir. Gostaria de ocupar-me dele: chamar alguém, pedir-lhe que o examinasse, que receitasse, encaminhá-lo para um tratamento... Mas tudo é longe, meu Deus, tudo é tão longe. E era preciso passar. E ele estava na minha frente inábil, como envergonhado de se achar tão sujo e doente, com o envelhecido olhar numa espécie de súplica. Até o fim da vida guardarei seu olhar no meu coração. Até o fim da vida sentirei esta humana infelicidade de nem sempre poder socorrer, neste complexo mundo dos homens. Então, o triste cãozinho reuniu todas as suas forças, atravessou o patamar, sem nenhuma dúvida sobre o caminho, como se fosse um visitante habitual, e começou a descer as escadas e as suas rampas, com as plantas em flor de cada lado, as borboletas incertas, salpicos de luz no granito, até o limiar da entrada. Passou por entre as grades do portão, prosseguiu para o lado esquerdo, desapareceu. Ele ia descendo como um velhinho andrajoso, esfarrapado, de cabeça baixa, sem firmeza e sem destino. Era, no entanto, uma forma de vida. Uma criatura deste mundo de criaturas inumeráveis. Esteve ao meu alcance; talvez tivesse fome e sede: e eu nada fiz por ele; ameio, apenas, com uma caridade inútil, sem qualquer expressão concreta. Deixei-o partir, assim humilhado, e tão digno, no entanto: como alguém que respeitosamente pede desculpas de ter ocupado um lugar que não era seu. Depois pensei que todos nós somos, um dia, esse cãozinho triste, à sombra de uma porta. E há o dono da casa, e a escada que descemos, e a dignidade final da solidão.

(Cecília Meireles. Janela mágica. São Paulo: Moderna, 1988.)

Entre as palavras e expressões destacadas no texto, estão listadas abaixo aquelas que se referem ao cãozinho:

I. “Eu não lhe digo nada (...)”.

II. “Deixei-o partir, assim humilhado (...)”

III. “(...) um cãozinho triste interrompe seu sono (...)”.

IV. “Até o fim da vida sentirei esta humana infelicidade (...)”.

V. “Gostaria de ocupar-me dele: chamar alguém, pedir-lhe que o examinasse (...)”.

Os trechos em que as expressões negritadas referem-se apenas ao cãozinho são

(Folha de São Paulo, Ilustrada, E9, 2 ago. 2007.)

No primeiro quadro, o uso de reticências indica

(Fonte: Fotografia divulgada na Internet, sem autoria explícita).

No trecho “e outros melhores que este”, o adjetivo destacado faz com que o anúncio se transforme em

As pessoas com deficiência estão conquistando seu espaço. Venha conquistar o seu.

Para o Sistema Fiemg e todas as suas entidades, empregar trabalhadores com deficiência é mais do que um exigência legal. É uma forma de valorizar as oportunidades oferecidas pela diversidade da nossa sociedade. Se você é deficiente e procura espaço no mercado de trabalho, o SESI e o SENAI estão contratando. Cadastre seu currículo no site www.fiemg.com.br, ou envie para a caixa postal 2006, ou procure uma unidade do SESI ou do SENAI mais próxima de você.

Faça parte da nossa equipe

(Estado de Minas,domingo, 25 mar. 2007. Caderno Classificados. p.8 )

A respeito do contexto de produção e circulação desse texto são feitas as afirmativas abaixo.

I. Dirige-se a um público específico.

II. Poderia ser veiculado em outros suportes.

III. Tem intenção de persuadir o interlocutor.

São corretas as afirmativas:

"Responda rápido. O maior índice de crescimento de novos universitários foi registrado em que faixa etária, de acordo com o último Censo do Ensino Superior?

A – 18 a 24 anos C – 40 a 49 anos

B – 24 a 39 anos D – Acima dos 50 anos

Não sabe? Quer a ajuda dos universitários? Cuidado, a maioria talvez não saiba. São os cinqüentões, sessentões e setentões que estão brilhando nos vestibulares. Entraram na vida acadêmica, em 2001, 23% a mais de alunos nessa faixa etária em comparação ao ano anterior. São quase 11 mil contra 8.700 em 2000. A tendência é de crescimento maior em 2002, mas os números só serão divulgados no final deste ano. Essa ocupação da “terceira idade”, nas universidades não se deve por acaso. Basta se ater à explicações do sociólogo Ruda Ricci, professor da PUCMinas, para ver sentido nessa mudança. Ele levanta dois fatores: a cobrança de qualificação pelo mercado de trabalho na década de 90 e a dispensa de pessoas com mais de 45 anos. “O ideal para as empresas eram funcionários na faixa dos 35 anos. Abaixo disso eram consideradas inexperientes e acima não teriam agilidade, já estariam burocratizadas.” Para as empresas, era mais fácil dar treinamento aos jovens. Aos quase cinqüentões só restava uma saída: voltar a estudar ou abrir negócio próprio. Some-se a isso a mudança na previdência, que retardou a aposentadoria, e o aumento na expectativa de vida. “O mercado percebeu que eles são experientes e buscam qualificação. Têm a receita ideal para um bom profissional”, afirma Ruda Ricci, que acredita na multiplicação das oportunidades de trabalho, nos próximos anos, para os cinqüentões. E não está só. Robert Critcheley, autor do livro Reavaliando sua carreira, também vê boas perspectivas. “Hoje convivemos com a primeira geração que chega a essa idade em perfeitas condições físicas e intelectuais.” É só encarar o desafio e saber que a idade mental é mais importante que a cronológica."

(ARRIEL, Silvânia - Revista Encontro. Abril/2003, p. 43)

“É só encarar o desafio e saber que a idade mental é mais importante que a cronológica.”

O termo assinalado tem função semelhante em:

A Bela e a Fera

Uma bela atriz reaparece em um famoso programa de auditório. Os telespectadores vibram com os olhos da musa, que responde às perguntas do apresentador.

Como está o seu relacionamento com a imprensa?, pergunta a fera. Há repórteres bons e maus. Eu prefiro muito mais me lembrar das pessoas sérias do que das outras.

(Luis Carlos Rocha. Norma culta escrita: tentativa de caracterização.)

O uso que a atriz fez do verbo preferir

13 de maio

(Caetano Veloso)

Dia 13 de maio em Santo Amaro

Na Praça do Mercado

Os pretos celebravam

(Talvez hoje inda o façam)

O fim da escravidão

Da escravidão

O fim da escravidão

Tanta pindoba!

Lembro do aluá

Lembro da maniçoba

Foguetes no ar

Pra saudar Isabel

Ô Isabé

Pra saudar Isabé

(http://letras.terra.com.br/caetano-veloso/44736//. Acesso: 04/04/2010.)

Nesse texto, a palavra que mostra uma aproximação da fala com a escrita é

"Responda rápido. O maior índice de crescimento de novos universitários foi registrado em que faixa etária, de acordo com o último Censo do Ensino Superior?

A – 18 a 24 anos C – 40 a 49 anos

B – 24 a 39 anos D – Acima dos 50 anos

Não sabe? Quer a ajuda dos universitários? Cuidado, a maioria talvez não saiba. São os cinqüentões, sessentões e setentões que estão brilhando nos vestibulares. Entraram na vida acadêmica, em 2001, 23% a mais de alunos nessa faixa etária em comparação ao ano anterior. São quase 11 mil contra 8.700 em 2000. A tendência é de crescimento maior em 2002, mas os números só serão divulgados no final deste ano. Essa ocupação da “terceira idade”, nas universidades não se deve por acaso. Basta se ater à explicações do sociólogo Ruda Ricci, professor da PUCMinas, para ver sentido nessa mudança. Ele levanta dois fatores: a cobrança de qualificação pelo mercado de trabalho na década de 90 e a dispensa de pessoas com mais de 45 anos. “O ideal para as empresas eram funcionários na faixa dos 35 anos. Abaixo disso eram consideradas inexperientes e acima não teriam agilidade, já estariam burocratizadas.” Para as empresas, era mais fácil dar treinamento aos jovens. Aos quase cinqüentões só restava uma saída: voltar a estudar ou abrir negócio próprio. Some-se a isso a mudança na previdência, que retardou a aposentadoria, e o aumento na expectativa de vida. “O mercado percebeu que eles são experientes e buscam qualificação. Têm a receita ideal para um bom profissional”, afirma Ruda Ricci, que acredita na multiplicação das oportunidades de trabalho, nos próximos anos, para os cinqüentões. E não está só. Robert Critcheley, autor do livro Reavaliando sua carreira, também vê boas perspectivas. “Hoje convivemos com a primeira geração que chega a essa idade em perfeitas condições físicas e intelectuais.” É só encarar o desafio e saber que a idade mental é mais importante que a cronológica."

(ARRIEL, Silvânia - Revista Encontro. Abril/2003, p. 43)

O texto transcreveu um fragmento em que se pode inferir uma relação intertextual em

ETC

Estou sozinho, estou triste, etc.

Quem virá com a nova brisa que penetra

Pelas frestas do meu ninho

Quem insiste em anunciar-se no desejo

Quem tanto não vejo ainda

Quem pessoa secreta

Vem, te chamo

Vem, etc.

(Caetano Veloso)

Sobre o uso do “etc” nesse texto, por tratar-se de uma expressão bastante corriqueira, é correto dizer que

Leia o texto:

Desolado com a possibilidade de extinção da língua portuguesa, deputado apresenta projeto de lei com o objetivo de proibir o uso de palavras de outros idiomas em meios de comunicação, nomes comerciais, documentos oficiais, etc. [...] A identidade das línguas não se esconde nos vocabulários, mas na maneira como eles se articulam. Seus segredos estão em palavras que a maioria dos mortais relega a segundo plano como artigos, preposições, conjunções, ou em processos relacionais como regências, concordâncias, flexões, declinações, sintaxes. Enquanto os fanáticos por computadores conjugarem o anglicismo “escanear” como se fosse “escaneio, escaneias, escaneia...” tudo está bem: estão apenas repetindo processos que nos deram palavras preciosas como “desolado” ou “parlamento”... – a última , um caso particularmente interessante, por nos fornecer uma palavra latina por tabela, sua raiz é latina, mas sua existência se deve aos ingleses. No dia em que começarmos a lidar com respeitáveis palavras de ascendência diretamente romana como “falar” em termos de “eu fala, tu fala, ele fala, nós fala”, aí talvez seja o momento de profetizar a agonia da “última flor de Lácio” [...] O simples fato de determinada comunidade usar ou não determinada expressão contém significado que jamais poderá ser traduzido por outra palavra. Voltando ao nosso apaixonado por computadores, se ele começar a disparar verbos como “escanear”, “printar”, deletar ou congêneres, saberemos de sua condição de info-fanático. Ninguém precisará nos dizer isso. Além de nos informar que vai imprimir ou apagar algo, ele está nos dizendo, também, que se quiser pode estourar o disco rígido de nosso computador sem que notemos. Quando um executivo fala em personal banking, ele não se refere apenas à relação personalizada que a informática permite entre ele e seu banco, informa-nos, também, sobre a tribo à qual pertence [...] A lei contém, portanto, elemento limitador da expressão. Quando pretende se impor a meios de comunicação, o problema torna-se mais grave. Além da redução quantitativa de informações que permite à comunidade, realiza, também, uma redução qualitativa: estabelece que certas categorias de informações simplesmente não podem ser transmitidas. Antigamente isso se chamava censura. (Texto adaptado de: AVELAR, Marcelo Castilho. O idioma está acima do controle das leis. Estado de Minas, Belo Horizonte, 17 set. 2000. Espetáculo/Opinião, p.4.)

O dois-pontos usado no fragmento “[...] tudo está bem: estão apenas repetindo processos que nos deram palavras preciosas [...]” dá idéia de ________ e pode ser substituído por ________.

Completa corretamente as lacunas:

               Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum

The overnight inferno likely claimed fossils, cultural artifacts, and more irreplaceable collections amassed over 200 years.

                                                                                    By Michael Greshko                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                   PUBLISHED September 6, 2018

Major pieces of Brazil's scientific and cultural heritage went up in smoke on September 2, as a devastating fire ripped through much of Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional, or National Museum. Founded in 1818, the museum is Brazil's oldest scientific institution and one of the largest and most renowned museums in Latin America, amassing a collection of some 20 million scientifically and culturally invaluable artifacts.

The Museu Nacional's holdings include Luzia, an 11,500-year-old skull considered one of South America's oldest human fossils, as well as the bones of uniquely Brazilian creatures such as the long-necked dinosaur Maxakalisaurus. Because of the auction tastes of Brazil's 19th-century emperors, the Museu Nacional also ended up with Latin America's oldest collection of Egyptian mummies and artifacts.

Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon. The complex also served as the palace for Brazil's post-independence emperors until 1889, before the museum collections were transferred there in 1902. In an September 5 email, Museu Nacional curator Débora Pires wrote that the entomology and arachnology collections were completely destroyed, as was most of the mollusk collection. However, technicians had braved the fire to save 80 percent of the mollusk holotypes—the specimens that formally serve as the global references for a given species. The museum's vertebrate specimens, herbarium, and library were housed separately and survived the fire.

(…)

An Irreplaceable Loss

It's not yet clear how the fire started, but it did begin after the museum was closed to the public, and no injuries have yet been reported. Firefighters worked through the night to douse the burnt-out shell of the main building, but it seems the blaze has already seared a gaping hole in many scientists' careers.

“The importance of the collections that were lost couldn't be overstated,” says Luiz Rocha, a Brazilian ichthyologist now at the California Academy of Sciences who has visited the Museu Nacional several times to study its collections. “They were unique as it gets: Many of them were irreplaceable, there's no way to put a monetary value on it.”

“In terms of [my] life-long research agenda, I'm pretty much lost,” says Marcus Guidoti, a Brazilian entomologist finishing up his Ph.D. in a program co-run by Brazil's Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

Guidoti studies lace bugs, an insect family with more than 2,000 species worldwide. The Museu Nacional held one of the world's largest lace bug collections, but the fire likely destroyed it and the rest of the museum's five million arthropod specimens. “Those type specimens can't be replaced, and they are crucial to understand the species,” he says by text message. “If I was willing to keep working on this family in this region of the globe, this was definitely a big hit.”

Paleontologist Dimila Mothé, a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, adds that the blows to science extend beyond the collections themselves. “It's not only the cultural history, the natural history, but all the theses and research developed there,” she says. “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost.”

Brazil’s indigenous knowledge also has suffered. The Museu Nacional housed world-renowned collections of indigenous objects, as well as many audio recordings of indigenous languages from all over Brazil. Some of these recordings, now lost, were of languages that are no longer spoken.

“I have no words to say how horrible this is,” says Brazilian anthropologist Mariana Françozo, an expert on South American indigenous objects at Leiden University. “The indigenous collections are a tremendous loss … we can no longer study them, we can no longer understand what our ancestors did. It’s heartbreaking.” 

On Monday, The Brazilian publication G1 Rio reported that ashes of burned documents—some still flecked in notes or illustrations—have rained down from the sky more than a mile away from the Museu Nacional, thrown aloft by the inferno.

(…)

Editor's Note: This story was updated on September 6, 2018, with new details about which artifacts survived the fire. 

Taken from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/. Access: 11 dez. 2018.

               Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum

The overnight inferno likely claimed fossils, cultural artifacts, and more irreplaceable collections amassed over 200 years.

                                                                                    By Michael Greshko                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                   PUBLISHED September 6, 2018

Major pieces of Brazil's scientific and cultural heritage went up in smoke on September 2, as a devastating fire ripped through much of Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional, or National Museum. Founded in 1818, the museum is Brazil's oldest scientific institution and one of the largest and most renowned museums in Latin America, amassing a collection of some 20 million scientifically and culturally invaluable artifacts.

The Museu Nacional's holdings include Luzia, an 11,500-year-old skull considered one of South America's oldest human fossils, as well as the bones of uniquely Brazilian creatures such as the long-necked dinosaur Maxakalisaurus. Because of the auction tastes of Brazil's 19th-century emperors, the Museu Nacional also ended up with Latin America's oldest collection of Egyptian mummies and artifacts.

Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon. The complex also served as the palace for Brazil's post-independence emperors until 1889, before the museum collections were transferred there in 1902. In an September 5 email, Museu Nacional curator Débora Pires wrote that the entomology and arachnology collections were completely destroyed, as was most of the mollusk collection. However, technicians had braved the fire to save 80 percent of the mollusk holotypes—the specimens that formally serve as the global references for a given species. The museum's vertebrate specimens, herbarium, and library were housed separately and survived the fire.

(…)

An Irreplaceable Loss

It's not yet clear how the fire started, but it did begin after the museum was closed to the public, and no injuries have yet been reported. Firefighters worked through the night to douse the burnt-out shell of the main building, but it seems the blaze has already seared a gaping hole in many scientists' careers.

“The importance of the collections that were lost couldn't be overstated,” says Luiz Rocha, a Brazilian ichthyologist now at the California Academy of Sciences who has visited the Museu Nacional several times to study its collections. “They were unique as it gets: Many of them were irreplaceable, there's no way to put a monetary value on it.”

“In terms of [my] life-long research agenda, I'm pretty much lost,” says Marcus Guidoti, a Brazilian entomologist finishing up his Ph.D. in a program co-run by Brazil's Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

Guidoti studies lace bugs, an insect family with more than 2,000 species worldwide. The Museu Nacional held one of the world's largest lace bug collections, but the fire likely destroyed it and the rest of the museum's five million arthropod specimens. “Those type specimens can't be replaced, and they are crucial to understand the species,” he says by text message. “If I was willing to keep working on this family in this region of the globe, this was definitely a big hit.”

Paleontologist Dimila Mothé, a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, adds that the blows to science extend beyond the collections themselves. “It's not only the cultural history, the natural history, but all the theses and research developed there,” she says. “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost.”

Brazil’s indigenous knowledge also has suffered. The Museu Nacional housed world-renowned collections of indigenous objects, as well as many audio recordings of indigenous languages from all over Brazil. Some of these recordings, now lost, were of languages that are no longer spoken.

“I have no words to say how horrible this is,” says Brazilian anthropologist Mariana Françozo, an expert on South American indigenous objects at Leiden University. “The indigenous collections are a tremendous loss … we can no longer study them, we can no longer understand what our ancestors did. It’s heartbreaking.” 

On Monday, The Brazilian publication G1 Rio reported that ashes of burned documents—some still flecked in notes or illustrations—have rained down from the sky more than a mile away from the Museu Nacional, thrown aloft by the inferno.

(…)

Editor's Note: This story was updated on September 6, 2018, with new details about which artifacts survived the fire. 

Taken from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/. Access: 11 dez. 2018.

               Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum

The overnight inferno likely claimed fossils, cultural artifacts, and more irreplaceable collections amassed over 200 years.

                                                                                    By Michael Greshko                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                   PUBLISHED September 6, 2018

Major pieces of Brazil's scientific and cultural heritage went up in smoke on September 2, as a devastating fire ripped through much of Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional, or National Museum. Founded in 1818, the museum is Brazil's oldest scientific institution and one of the largest and most renowned museums in Latin America, amassing a collection of some 20 million scientifically and culturally invaluable artifacts.

The Museu Nacional's holdings include Luzia, an 11,500-year-old skull considered one of South America's oldest human fossils, as well as the bones of uniquely Brazilian creatures such as the long-necked dinosaur Maxakalisaurus. Because of the auction tastes of Brazil's 19th-century emperors, the Museu Nacional also ended up with Latin America's oldest collection of Egyptian mummies and artifacts.

Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon. The complex also served as the palace for Brazil's post-independence emperors until 1889, before the museum collections were transferred there in 1902. In an September 5 email, Museu Nacional curator Débora Pires wrote that the entomology and arachnology collections were completely destroyed, as was most of the mollusk collection. However, technicians had braved the fire to save 80 percent of the mollusk holotypes—the specimens that formally serve as the global references for a given species. The museum's vertebrate specimens, herbarium, and library were housed separately and survived the fire.

(…)

An Irreplaceable Loss

It's not yet clear how the fire started, but it did begin after the museum was closed to the public, and no injuries have yet been reported. Firefighters worked through the night to douse the burnt-out shell of the main building, but it seems the blaze has already seared a gaping hole in many scientists' careers.

“The importance of the collections that were lost couldn't be overstated,” says Luiz Rocha, a Brazilian ichthyologist now at the California Academy of Sciences who has visited the Museu Nacional several times to study its collections. “They were unique as it gets: Many of them were irreplaceable, there's no way to put a monetary value on it.”

“In terms of [my] life-long research agenda, I'm pretty much lost,” says Marcus Guidoti, a Brazilian entomologist finishing up his Ph.D. in a program co-run by Brazil's Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

Guidoti studies lace bugs, an insect family with more than 2,000 species worldwide. The Museu Nacional held one of the world's largest lace bug collections, but the fire likely destroyed it and the rest of the museum's five million arthropod specimens. “Those type specimens can't be replaced, and they are crucial to understand the species,” he says by text message. “If I was willing to keep working on this family in this region of the globe, this was definitely a big hit.”

Paleontologist Dimila Mothé, a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, adds that the blows to science extend beyond the collections themselves. “It's not only the cultural history, the natural history, but all the theses and research developed there,” she says. “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost.”

Brazil’s indigenous knowledge also has suffered. The Museu Nacional housed world-renowned collections of indigenous objects, as well as many audio recordings of indigenous languages from all over Brazil. Some of these recordings, now lost, were of languages that are no longer spoken.

“I have no words to say how horrible this is,” says Brazilian anthropologist Mariana Françozo, an expert on South American indigenous objects at Leiden University. “The indigenous collections are a tremendous loss … we can no longer study them, we can no longer understand what our ancestors did. It’s heartbreaking.” 

On Monday, The Brazilian publication G1 Rio reported that ashes of burned documents—some still flecked in notes or illustrations—have rained down from the sky more than a mile away from the Museu Nacional, thrown aloft by the inferno.

(…)

Editor's Note: This story was updated on September 6, 2018, with new details about which artifacts survived the fire. 

Taken from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/. Access: 11 dez. 2018.

               Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum

The overnight inferno likely claimed fossils, cultural artifacts, and more irreplaceable collections amassed over 200 years.

                                                                                    By Michael Greshko                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                   PUBLISHED September 6, 2018

Major pieces of Brazil's scientific and cultural heritage went up in smoke on September 2, as a devastating fire ripped through much of Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional, or National Museum. Founded in 1818, the museum is Brazil's oldest scientific institution and one of the largest and most renowned museums in Latin America, amassing a collection of some 20 million scientifically and culturally invaluable artifacts.

The Museu Nacional's holdings include Luzia, an 11,500-year-old skull considered one of South America's oldest human fossils, as well as the bones of uniquely Brazilian creatures such as the long-necked dinosaur Maxakalisaurus. Because of the auction tastes of Brazil's 19th-century emperors, the Museu Nacional also ended up with Latin America's oldest collection of Egyptian mummies and artifacts.

Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon. The complex also served as the palace for Brazil's post-independence emperors until 1889, before the museum collections were transferred there in 1902. In an September 5 email, Museu Nacional curator Débora Pires wrote that the entomology and arachnology collections were completely destroyed, as was most of the mollusk collection. However, technicians had braved the fire to save 80 percent of the mollusk holotypes—the specimens that formally serve as the global references for a given species. The museum's vertebrate specimens, herbarium, and library were housed separately and survived the fire.

(…)

An Irreplaceable Loss

It's not yet clear how the fire started, but it did begin after the museum was closed to the public, and no injuries have yet been reported. Firefighters worked through the night to douse the burnt-out shell of the main building, but it seems the blaze has already seared a gaping hole in many scientists' careers.

“The importance of the collections that were lost couldn't be overstated,” says Luiz Rocha, a Brazilian ichthyologist now at the California Academy of Sciences who has visited the Museu Nacional several times to study its collections. “They were unique as it gets: Many of them were irreplaceable, there's no way to put a monetary value on it.”

“In terms of [my] life-long research agenda, I'm pretty much lost,” says Marcus Guidoti, a Brazilian entomologist finishing up his Ph.D. in a program co-run by Brazil's Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

Guidoti studies lace bugs, an insect family with more than 2,000 species worldwide. The Museu Nacional held one of the world's largest lace bug collections, but the fire likely destroyed it and the rest of the museum's five million arthropod specimens. “Those type specimens can't be replaced, and they are crucial to understand the species,” he says by text message. “If I was willing to keep working on this family in this region of the globe, this was definitely a big hit.”

Paleontologist Dimila Mothé, a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, adds that the blows to science extend beyond the collections themselves. “It's not only the cultural history, the natural history, but all the theses and research developed there,” she says. “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost.”

Brazil’s indigenous knowledge also has suffered. The Museu Nacional housed world-renowned collections of indigenous objects, as well as many audio recordings of indigenous languages from all over Brazil. Some of these recordings, now lost, were of languages that are no longer spoken.

“I have no words to say how horrible this is,” says Brazilian anthropologist Mariana Françozo, an expert on South American indigenous objects at Leiden University. “The indigenous collections are a tremendous loss … we can no longer study them, we can no longer understand what our ancestors did. It’s heartbreaking.” 

On Monday, The Brazilian publication G1 Rio reported that ashes of burned documents—some still flecked in notes or illustrations—have rained down from the sky more than a mile away from the Museu Nacional, thrown aloft by the inferno.

(…)

Editor's Note: This story was updated on September 6, 2018, with new details about which artifacts survived the fire. 

Taken from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/. Access: 11 dez. 2018.

               Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum

The overnight inferno likely claimed fossils, cultural artifacts, and more irreplaceable collections amassed over 200 years.

                                                                                    By Michael Greshko                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                   PUBLISHED September 6, 2018

Major pieces of Brazil's scientific and cultural heritage went up in smoke on September 2, as a devastating fire ripped through much of Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional, or National Museum. Founded in 1818, the museum is Brazil's oldest scientific institution and one of the largest and most renowned museums in Latin America, amassing a collection of some 20 million scientifically and culturally invaluable artifacts.

The Museu Nacional's holdings include Luzia, an 11,500-year-old skull considered one of South America's oldest human fossils, as well as the bones of uniquely Brazilian creatures such as the long-necked dinosaur Maxakalisaurus. Because of the auction tastes of Brazil's 19th-century emperors, the Museu Nacional also ended up with Latin America's oldest collection of Egyptian mummies and artifacts.

Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon. The complex also served as the palace for Brazil's post-independence emperors until 1889, before the museum collections were transferred there in 1902. In an September 5 email, Museu Nacional curator Débora Pires wrote that the entomology and arachnology collections were completely destroyed, as was most of the mollusk collection. However, technicians had braved the fire to save 80 percent of the mollusk holotypes—the specimens that formally serve as the global references for a given species. The museum's vertebrate specimens, herbarium, and library were housed separately and survived the fire.

(…)

An Irreplaceable Loss

It's not yet clear how the fire started, but it did begin after the museum was closed to the public, and no injuries have yet been reported. Firefighters worked through the night to douse the burnt-out shell of the main building, but it seems the blaze has already seared a gaping hole in many scientists' careers.

“The importance of the collections that were lost couldn't be overstated,” says Luiz Rocha, a Brazilian ichthyologist now at the California Academy of Sciences who has visited the Museu Nacional several times to study its collections. “They were unique as it gets: Many of them were irreplaceable, there's no way to put a monetary value on it.”

“In terms of [my] life-long research agenda, I'm pretty much lost,” says Marcus Guidoti, a Brazilian entomologist finishing up his Ph.D. in a program co-run by Brazil's Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

Guidoti studies lace bugs, an insect family with more than 2,000 species worldwide. The Museu Nacional held one of the world's largest lace bug collections, but the fire likely destroyed it and the rest of the museum's five million arthropod specimens. “Those type specimens can't be replaced, and they are crucial to understand the species,” he says by text message. “If I was willing to keep working on this family in this region of the globe, this was definitely a big hit.”

Paleontologist Dimila Mothé, a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, adds that the blows to science extend beyond the collections themselves. “It's not only the cultural history, the natural history, but all the theses and research developed there,” she says. “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost.”

Brazil’s indigenous knowledge also has suffered. The Museu Nacional housed world-renowned collections of indigenous objects, as well as many audio recordings of indigenous languages from all over Brazil. Some of these recordings, now lost, were of languages that are no longer spoken.

“I have no words to say how horrible this is,” says Brazilian anthropologist Mariana Françozo, an expert on South American indigenous objects at Leiden University. “The indigenous collections are a tremendous loss … we can no longer study them, we can no longer understand what our ancestors did. It’s heartbreaking.” 

On Monday, The Brazilian publication G1 Rio reported that ashes of burned documents—some still flecked in notes or illustrations—have rained down from the sky more than a mile away from the Museu Nacional, thrown aloft by the inferno.

(…)

Editor's Note: This story was updated on September 6, 2018, with new details about which artifacts survived the fire. 

Taken from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/. Access: 11 dez. 2018.

Gênero literário é a categoria à qual pertence uma obra com base em suas características predominantes que possibilitam o agrupamento por semelhanças.

Considerando a classificação dos gêneros literários, assinale V para as afirmativas verdadeiras e F para as falsas.

( ) Gênero lírico caracteriza-se pela manifestação do eu-interior do poeta e pela exposição de sua subjetividade de sentimentos e emoções vivenciados em seu mundo íntimo.

( ) Gênero dramático caracteriza-se pela narração (em versos) de grandes feitos históricos em textos em que a presença de um herói representa a força do coletivo.

( ) Gênero épico caracteriza-se por textos escritos para serem encenados em que o autor utiliza o discurso direto e dá voz a seus personagens sem a intermediação de um narrador.

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a sequência CORRETA:

INSTRUÇÃO: A questão refere-se à obra “O Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma” de Lima Barreto.

Leia estes fragmentos da adaptação em quadrinhos do livro “Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma”.

As * reproduzem os textos das imagens dos quadrinhos:

* “A INDIGNAÇÃO, A CONVICÇÃO PATRIÓTICA E O AMOR AO IDIOMA NATIVO SE MISTURAM EM SUA FEBRE, E ELE NEM PERCEBEU QUE SE PÔS A REDIGIR O RELATÓRIO NAQUELA LÍNGUA.”

** “ANTES QUE PERCEBESSE O QUE TINHA FEITO, CHAMARAM-NO PARA RESOLVER UM PROBLEMA EM OUTRA SALA, E O OFÍCIO SE JUNTOU A OUTROS, SEGUINDO O CURSO NORMAL DA BUROCRACIA...”

*** “...PASSOU PELO DIRETOR QUE, COMO SEMPRE, NÃO REPAROU NO QUE ASSINAVA...”

**** “...E FOI PARAR NO MINISTÉRIO, ONDE CAUSOU PERPLEXIDADE...”

As * reproduzem os textos das imagens dos quadrinhos:

* “QUARESMA FOI AO ENTERRO, ANTES DE PARTIR EM SUA MISSÃO. COMTEMPLANDO AQUELES TRISTES RESTOS, PENSAVA QUE A MOÇA IA PARA O BURACO ESCURO SEM DEIXAR TRAÇO MAIS FUNDO DE SUA PESSOA, DE SEUS SENTIMENTOS, DE SUA ALMA...”

** “OS HOMENS DENTRO EM POUCO ESTÃO AQUI... O GOVERNO ESTÁ EXAUSTO!”

*** “SE EU FOSSE VOCÊ, COMPRAVA TUDO NO BONHEUR DES DAMES, TEM ÓTIMAS PECHINCHAS.”

Nesses trechos, há referência a missões que Policarpo Quaresma desejava realizar. Considerando o enredo da obra “Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma”, são projetos malogrados do protagonista:

I- Defender o tupi-guarani como língua oficial do país, por ser esse o idioma que expressa a brasilidade em contraposição ao europeísmo representado pela língua portuguesa.

II- Propor uma reforma da agricultura, pedindo suporte governamental aos pequenos produtores agrícolas, por reconhecer que lhes faltava mais de dedicação e organização.

III- Apoiar o governo na defesa da ordem republicana ameaçada e entregar a Floriano Peixoto um documento com as medidas a serem tomadas para resolver os problemas do país.

Estão CORRETAS as afirmativas: